A Description of Analytic Psychology

Advanced Counselling Skills level 4 Assignment 0ne 1. Briefly nonice anal retentiveytic Psychology www. jungclub-london. org C. G. Jung uninflected Psychology Club London. Who looks outside, dreams, who looks in spite of appearance, awakens, The term psychoanalyst is currently apply to cover scarcely those facts and theories presented in the works of Freud, Jung, and Adler. However it is often recommended that it should be applied only to the possible action and practice of Freud and his disciples, and that the theory and practice of Jung should be designated Analytical Psychology, and that the theory and practice of Adler should be designated Individual Psychology.Psychoanalysis in this broader wizard covers some(prenominal) a set of theories and a set of practices. Analytic psychology is the analysis of the tender mind, psyche and the un informed mind(p), as well as the informed comp cardinalnts of the mind. It is thought that mans conduct and his conscious verbaliz es bottom of the inning be explained only by unconscious sources of motivation. What is greenness in the practice of the psychoanalytic schools is the use of special techniques for bringing these unconscious factors into light. The practice of psychoanalysis has grown out of the treatment of mental illness.In single sense, the practice of psychoanalysis is prior to the theories, since the theories first were forgeed from experiences from therapeutic practice. These theories permit, however, been prolonged and enriched by material derived from another(prenominal) sources. Jung countd that the mind could be divided into unconscious and conscious set offs. He felt that the unconscious mind was made up of layers. The soulal unconscious is the serving of the unconscious mind in which is stored apiece someones unique personal experiences and memories that whitethorn not be consciously remembered.Jung recalld that the t equal of contents of each persons personal unconscio us ar organized in scathe of obscurees clusters of frantic unconscious thoughts. One may have a complex towards their mother or towards their partner. Jung referred to the second layer of unconsciousness as the embodied unconscious. This level contains memories and behavioural predispositions that spotly mint have inherited from harsh ancestors in the distant charitable past, providing us with essentially sh bed memories and tendencies.People across s stride and magazine tend to interpret and use experience in similar ship canal because of archetypes universal, inherited human tendencies to perceive and act in certain commissions. During analytic therapy, Jung may use certain archetypes to explain persons unconscious thoughts that in turn affect their outward behaviour. He believed that there be certain archetypes that argon important in spates lives. These archetypes atomic number 18 as follows. The persona archetype is the part of our record that we show the worl d, the part that we atomic number 18 willing to shargon with others.The shadow archetype is the darker part of a person, the part that embraces what we view as frightening, hateful and level off evil astir(predicate) ourselves the part of us that we hide not only from others however in addition from ourselves. The anima is the feminine side of a mans character, which shows tenderness, caring, compassion and warmth to others, yet which is more than irrational and based on emotions. The animus is the masculine side of a fair land ups personality, the more rational and logical side of the woman.Jung posited that men often taste to hide their anima both from others and from themselves because it goes against their likinglized image of what men should be. harmonize to Jung, archetypes melt down a role in our interpersonal parityships. For example, the descent amongst a man and a woman calls into play the archetypes in each single(a)s corporate unconscious. The anima ta ble services the man to understand his female companion, just as the animus helps the woman to understand her male partners.Jung felt that the self- splendour the whole of the personality, including both conscious and unconscious elements strives for unity among the opposing parts of the personality. Jung distinguishes 2 differing attitudes to feel, 2 ways of reacting to circumstances, which he pictures so widespread that he could describe them as typical. The extravert attitude, characterized by an outward personality, an interest in events, in great deal and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. This type is motivated by outside factors and colossally pee up ones mindd by the environment.The extraverted type is sociable and confident(p) in unfamiliar surroundings. He or she is generally on nifty basis with the world, and even when disagreeing with it can still be described as related to it, for instead of withdrawing (as the opposite type tends t o do) they prefer to argue and quarrel, or try to reshape it concord to their own pattern. The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal of the personality and is concentrated upon personal factors, and their main influence is intimate require. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an introverted type.This type lacks say-so in relation to people and things, tends to be unsociable, and prefers reflection to activity. Jung uses the term Analytical Psychology to describe his own approach, which is not only a way of healing, but withal of pullulateing the personality through the individuation butt. Since individuation is not the refinement of all who seek psychological help he varies his treatment according to the age, state of ripening, and temperament of his patients and does not neglect either the sexual cheer or the will to power. 2. What were the life stages identified by Freud ww. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud At that time, the eel life cycle w as unknow and Freud spent four weeks at the which he often demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience famous originator of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud created a psychosexual model of human development based upon the erogenous zones of the body. He believed that as these zones matured neurologically, they activated the emotional world of the child (largely resident in the unconscious), and in the course of doing so, created the fanny for later emotional health or mental illness in adulthood.The stages are as follows Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development (ages 0-18 months) At this stage, the infant is focused upon getting delectation from its mouth, especially through breastfeeding, which may be a source of satisfaction or frustration for the baby. Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development (18 months 3 1/2 years) At this stage, the young child is fixated upon its own puzzle out of eliminating faeces, experiencing pleasure in the anal regions of the body, and reacting emotionally to attempts by parents or other divvy upgivers to control this physical sound through toilet training.Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development (3 1/2 years 6 years) At this stage, the penis or vagina is the source of tingling satisfaction for the child, and he or she fantasizes just astir(predicate) getting pelvic pleasure with the opposite sex parent and aggressively doing away with the resembling sex parent (the Oedipal Crisis). Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development (6 years puberty) At this stage, the emotional surges of the previous threesome stages go into hiding for a a couple of(prenominal) years as the child learns how to repress, project, introject, sublimate, and in other ways contrast the psychosexual energies of their earlier development.Of Psychosexual Development (puberty adulthood) At this stage, the psychosexual instincts of the first three stages of development reassert themselves at puberty, but instead of creation directed toward fantasy or the childs own body, are directed venereal Stage outward toward a genuine love relationship focused on heterosexual genital sex. The conscious mind includes e realthing that we are awake of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and whistle about rationally.A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved good at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious. In Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality, the conscious mind includes everything that is inside of our awareness. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way. The conscious mind includes much(prenominal)(prenominal) things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling and fantasies inside of our current awareness.Closely allied with the conscious mind is the preconscious, which includes the things that we are not think ing of at the moment but which we can easily draw into conscious awareness the unconscious mind is a root of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, foreboding, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.In Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, foreboding, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behaviour and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. The id is the only division of personality that is present from birth.This aspect of personal ity is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and un roomed behaviours. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, do it the primary winding component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure article of belief, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and postulate. If these ineluctably are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or focus. For example, an annex in hunger or thirst should commence an immediate attempt to eat or drink.The id is very important archean in life, because it ensures that an infants postulate are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satiateing these indigences is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other peoples hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behaviou r would be both disruptive and neighborlyly unacceptable.According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired aim as a way of satisfying the need. The selftism is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with macrocosm. According to Freud, the egotism develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be uttered in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego involvements in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the ids desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the be and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many an(prenominal) cases, the ids impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratificationthe ego will eventually allow the behaviour, but onl y in the appropriate time and place. The ego too discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an quarry in the real world that matches the mental image created by the ids primary process.The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalised moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and societyour sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviours. These behaviours include those, which are approved of by parental and other authority figures.Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. The moral sense includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behav iours are often forbidden and lead to bad payoffs, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse. The superego acts to accurate and civilize our behaviour. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might a mount between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego military strength to refer to the egos susceptibility to function despite these duelling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, charm those with too much or too little ego strength can turn over too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a well-informed personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego. The term got its start in psychoanalytic therapy, but it has slowly worked its way in to everyday language.Think of the last time you referred to someone as being in denial or incriminate someone of rationalizing. Both of these examples refer to a type of defense mechanism. In Sigmund Freuds topographical model of personality, the ego is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. The id seeks to fulfill all wants, needs and impulses firearm the superego tries to get the ego to actin an idealistic and moral manner.What happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards? According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going right. Frued identified three types of anxiety psychoneurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the ids urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior. Reality anxiety is fear of real-world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified.For example, a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The intimately common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening object. honorable anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. In roam to deal with this anxiety, Freud believed that defense mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts created by the id, superego and reality. 3. what factors determine a persons behaviour according to watson Behaviourism holds that the subject count of human psychology is the behaviour of the human being.Behaviourism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviourist holds, further, that belief in the world of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and whoremonger. The great mass of people even today has not yet progressed very far away from savagery it wants to believe in magic. roughly every era has its new magic, black or white, and its new magician. Moses had his magic he smote the rock and water gushed out. Christ had his magic he move water into wine and raised the dead to life. Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in asystematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. There are two major types of conditioningClassical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is diametrical with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the front line of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two ele ments are then known as the instruct stimulus and the conditioned response. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operative conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Behaviourism holds that only observable behaviours should be studied, as cognition and humor are too subjective.According to behaviourist theory, our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviours. Important concepts such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement have arisen from behaviourism. In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves no such enticements. Also remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and set some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished. . list 6 examples of metaneeds and metapathologies www. oaks. nvg. org/abraham-maslow. html Metaneeds and metapathologies. Another way that Maslow approaches the problem of self-actualization is to talk about special, driving needs The base psychological needs are the instinctive needs for the self-respect and self-esteem which provide the conditions for psychological out developing and full personality development. The approximately urgent or prepotent is the need for liberty from fear and anxiety i. . the need for safety or security. Security needs which includes the need to strive for perfection or ideals is communicated through loving care and affection of unconditional love i. e. the need for belongingness. The sense of belongingness is the basis for approval of ones identity element and expectations for oneself faith in oneself as self-respect or self-esteem i. e. the ego needs. Gratification of ego needs establishes a nat ural condition of self-identityor sizable ego.The healthy ego involves a high evaluation of the self based on faith in ones potentialities, recognition and appreciation of ones personal achievements, competence and confidence in the sense of importance of ones status. This basic sense of worthiness leads to the sense of purpose self-directedness or self-discipline which is prerequisite to ghostly growth of complete personality development of maturity i. e. self-actualisation. Self-actualisation is mature growth which involves the harmonising of psychic forces i. . growth motivation. Metaneeds are human motivations for eldritch growth of the human beingness as a social beingness subconscious needs for awareness of human determine for breathing social values or human valuesMetaneeds are instinctive needs of the human organism as a social organism which depends for survival on human solidarity and social cooperation. Metaneeds are the survival needs of creative socialisation the high psychological needs for personality integration.The metaneeds are the so-called higher spiritual needs the Being needs (B-needs) for self-transcendence the needs for truth, morality, goodness, beauty, perfection, justice, kindness, happiness, serenity, wisdom, love simplicity, lawfulness, and ego-transcendance etc. The metaneeds are equally urgent or potent and each can be defined in terms of the others. In the process of normal psychological growth the subconscious B-needs rise to the conscious level of awareness as the human values for living the social values i. e. Being-values or B-values i. e. human values.In the transcendental realm, the being needs cash in ones chips the being-values. They are just as biologically based as are the so-called lower needs the obviously physiological needs of hunger and thirst. The transcendant, religious, esthetic, and philosophical scenets of life are as real and intrinsic to human nature as any other biological needs. Each of the human values represents a different facet of the development of moral conciousness or conscience. As the source of human values the functions to maintain the integration of personality while adapting to changes in the socal environment.Development of conscience depends on gratification of metaneeds in a process of spiritual growth. Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfilment and change through personal growth. Maslow described self-actualized people as those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of. By papering people he considered to be self-actualised (including Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein and William James). Maslow identified 15 characteristics of a self-actualised person (illustrated as a pyramide).For example enjoyment of new experiences, sense of humour, confining friendships, creativity etc. It is not necessary to display all 15 characteristics to become self-actualised, and not only self-actual ised people will display them. Maslow did not equate self-actualisation with perfection. Self-actualisation merely involves achieving ones potential. Thus someone can be silly, wasteful, egotistic and impolite, and still self-actualise. Less than one percent of the population achieve self-actualisation. The hierarchy of needs include Biological and Physiological needs air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.Safety needs testimonial from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. Belongingness and Love needs work group, family, affection, relationships, etc. Esteem needs self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. Self-Actualisation needs realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. 5. Describe the theories of Carl Rogers. How do you think his work is relevant to the pleader you will undertake with your lymph glands? www. simplypsychology . org/carl-rogers. tml Carl Rogers believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the aptness to Central to Rogers personality theory is the notion of self or Self-Concept opening of Personality Development Rogers therapy was an extension of his theory of personality development and was known as thickening-centred therapy, since the basis of the therapy was designed around the lymph gland. According to Rogers each person has in spite of appearance them the inherent tendency to continue to grow and develop. As a result of this the individuals self-esteem and self-actualisation is continually influenced.This development can only be achieved through what Rogers refers to as unconditional positive regard. In order for an individual to experience total self-actualisation the therapist must express complete adoption of the patient. Rogers found that this was best achieved through the method of reflection, in which the therapist continually restates what the patient has said in an attempt to show complete acceptance and to allow the patient to recognize any negative feelings that they may be feeling. Throughout the counselling posing the therapist may make small interruptive remarks in order to help identify certain factors.For the most part the patient is allowed to direct the course of the session. Rogers began to use the expression knob instead of patient due to the fact that the individuals that he was counselling did need help but not within the same regard that a medically ill person does. These individuals do not need to all told surrender themselves to a medical expert although they do need help. nowadays throughout the field of psychology it is a worldwide practice to organise the individual as a node instead of a patient.Eventually throughout its development Rogers theory began to be known as people-centred due to its elaboration beyond psychotherapy to such areas as education, marriage, leadership, parent-child relationships, and the deve lopment of professional standards. inwardly each branch that Rogers theory expanded to there were several basic elements that were applied to each. They were as follows The individual comes for help. This is the most significant step within the steps of therapy. The individual has taken it upon himself to take the first step for help even if he does not recognize this as the reason hes there.The serving situation is defined. The client is made aware that the advocate does not have the answers, but that with assistance he can, work out his own solutions to his problems. . The counsellor encourages free expression of feelings in regard to the problem. The counsellor provides the client with a friendly, interested, and receptive attitude, which helps to bring about free expression. The counsellor accepts, recognizes, and clarifies negative feelings. any(prenominal) the negative feelings are the counsellor must say and do things, which helps the client recognize the negative feelings at hand.When the individuals negative feelings have been expressed they are followed by expressions of positive impulses, which make for growth. The counsellor accepts and recognizes the positive feelings in the same manner as the negative feelings. There is insight, brain of the self, and acceptance of the self along with possible courses of actions. This is the next important aspect because it allows for new levels. indeed comes the step of positive action along with the decreasing the need for help. When I am counselling I would use the following teniques Active auditory modality as a meeter I would show much interest.As the listener I would reflect back to the client and only speak to find out if what they said has been correctly heard and understand. I would watch my proboscis language and take into account my facial expressions, angle of my body, proximity of myself to another, side of arms and legs. I need to monitor the tone of your voice in the same way that I moni tor my body language. I believe that Carl Rogers core conditions I would use such as Empathic understanding I feel this is important when counselling to make sure the client are simply understood not evaluated, not judged, simply understood from their own point of view.As the facilitator I am real person, being what I say I am, entering into a relationship with the client without presenting a front or a facade, the client is much more promising to be effective. Being real and genuine. This means that feelings that the client is experiencing are uncommitted, available to their awareness that I am able to live these feelings, be them, and able to communicate if appropriate. It means coming into a direct personal find out with the client, meeting the client on a person-to-person basis.Like Carl Rogers I believe that client centred therapy is for me because it is a non-directive approach is very appealing on the face of it to many clients, because they get to keep control over the content and pace of the therapy. It is intended to serve them, after all. The therapist isnt evaluating them in any way or trying to figure them out. 6. How is fixing theory relevant to counselling? Briefly describe the strange situation test and its importance in attachment theory www. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Attachment_theory Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-run relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship The relationship between a counselor and client is the feelings and attitudes that a client and therapist have towards one another, and the manner in which those feelings and attitudes are expressedThe relationship may be thought of in three parts transference/countertransference, on the job(p) alliance, and the real- or personal-relationship.Another theory about the function of the counseling relationship is known as the secure-base possible action, which is related to attachment theory. This hypothesis proposes that the counselor acts as a secure-base from which clients can explore and then tour of duty in with. Secure attachment to ones counselor and secure attachment in general have been found to be related to client exploration. doubtful attachment styles have been found to be related to less session depth than securely attached clients. The professional boundary defines the extent and limitations of the relationship with your client.It preserves your clients confidentiality and creates a safe space for your client to reveal and explore personal issues. Boundaries are signified by the worldly and spatial routines of the counseling process regular appointment times, consistent space of sessions and a dedicated counseling room. Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-run relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary phencyclidine hydrochloride for social and emotional development to occur normally.Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study encompassing the fields of psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory. Immediately after WWII, homeless and orphaned children presented many difficulties, and psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby was asked by the UN to write a brochure on the matter. Later he went on to formulate attachment theory. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them, and who detain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about six months to two years of age.When an infant begins to crawl and walk they begin to use attachment figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from and return to. enate responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment these, in turn, lead to internal working models which will guide the individuals perceptions, emotions, thoughts and expectations in later relationships. Separation anxiety or grief followi ng the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptive response for an attached infant. These behaviours may have evolved because they increase the probability of survival of the child.