Conversation Analysis In A Real Conversation English Language Essay

colloquy psychoanalysis In A Real Conversation English talking to EssayIn the previous chapter, discourse analysis has been discussed. In this chapter, we argon going to talk about chat analysis, which is one of the approaches to analyze discourse.8.1.1 What is Conversation Analysis?People atomic number 18 interested in brain how social interaction work. Linguists discover the ways in which how social interaction ar organized, they tried to let out and analyze those features appe atomic number 18d in conversation they use scientific methods to examine the phenomena. Conversation Analysis is a systematic guide established by the American pioneers, Harvey Sacks, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. consort to Hutchby and Wooffitt (2008), how is a normal conversation organized, how do batch arrange their conversation in daily social interaction, and what is the role of conversation in between to each one participants, argon the major subject matter of this chapter.8.1.2 why do we get hold of Conversation Analysis?Conversation analysis represents a methodological approach to the study of social communication (Psathas, 1995). At the fundamental level, conversation analysis is the study of talk. It studies the natural and authentic conversation in real life situations, especially to read twist-taking organization, quiet down and heartening problem, sequence of vocalizations and transcription.The term interaction could apply to numbers of social encounters. For instance, a teacher chat force outg with students in a staff room is one frame of interaction others included a doctor communicate patient for the illnesses, a professor attending to a formal academic exchange meeting, or a woman chit-chat with the shop-keeper during she buys vegetables at the supermarket, and in that respect be dozens of frameworks showing that people be stimulate-to doe with in different contexts of conversation.8.1.3 Maxims of ConversationIn the field of lingu istics, horizontal more than specifically in the area of pragmatics and discourse analysis, scholar introduced an important concept maxims of conversation. It is the unwritten rules that govern people to make an appropriate conversation.The basic description of Grices cooperative principle govern how people ordinarily react in conversations Be true, be brief, be relevant and be clear.8.2.1 Turn-taking Organization in ConversationTurn-taking is one of the most critical and noniceable aspects of conversational structure. Harvey Sacks (1995), who the founder of the conversational analytic system, hold the view that the basic small unit of the conversation is turn. We are going to look at some fundamental features about turns (or floors) in order to discover how turns can be allocated.Furthermore, in a normal, polite, Western-styled conversation, participants do not keep on speaking all the snip, as to demonstrates patience, cooperation, social etiquette in a conversation, they t estament wait for their turn to speak.Liddicoat (2007) alluded that vocaliser units keep changing in a conversation when A is finished, it is Bs turn to talk. Consequently when B has finished speaking, A take turn again.8.2.2 How does turn-taking works?Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson (1974) introduced a set of turn-taking rules for people who involved in conversation can manage turn changeover and turn allocation easily. The turn-taking rules are set for distinguishing who should take the turn at the next transition relevance place (TRP).A transition-relevance place (TRP) takes place at the completion of an utterance it is the change-of-turn place (Wang, 2011).The turn-taking rules are ordered as the followingIf a talker is selected by the current loudspeaker, then that speaker must take the turn at the next transition relevance place. sourcegenus genus genus Venus Where should we go now, turn left or turn right?Winnie.Winnie Er I dont know, I am sorry.In this situation, A pass th e turn to B by asking a question.If, however, no next speaker is selected, then any other participant in the conversation may self-select to take the role and start speaking.ExampleVenus Where should we go now, turn left or turn right?Hailey I know.Venus Yes? Hailey.Hailey uhI suppose we should turn left.If no other speaker self-selects to take the role, the current speaker may then continue to talk again.ExampleVenus Which is the correct requireion to go, left or right?Winnie, Joanna, Hailey (Silence)Venus No one knows?Venus uh Ok, turn right then.Speakers depart indicate their entrustingness to stop by using signals, much(prenominal) as turning their gaze to person in the conversation, or using body languages and gestures, in order to stop and let others continue. Also, they may soften their speech, lengthen the last syllable of a sentence or use some discourse markers e.g. you know, as you see or sort of things etc. If certain markers are showed by the current speaker, an other participant will then take over the conversation. in that respect are ii types of signals or markers.Implicit markersMost of the time, people use body languages, sometimes prosodic features such as fall outing tone and rising tone can to a fault be used.Example 1 move over you noticed that?Example 2 weight you see the dolphin?Explicit markersThese are different kinds of linguistic features to invite people give response.a) Suggestion Turn-taking by making some suggestions.ExampleShall we go to Lamma Island on this Tuesday?b) Request accredited speaker may make a request the others.ExampleCould you please tell me about your journey?c) Question Current speaker will asks question in order to draws people attention and encourage others to get involved.ExampleWe go to Barcelona in the coming Easter, what do you think, favourite?8.2.3 Gaps and Overlaps in Turn-takingJerfferson (1983) have proposed some of the organizational features of gaps and overlapping. As we mentioned b efore, turn-taking can be visibly signaled by using body languages and gestures, however, it can in addition be marked by overlapping (Hutchby Wooffitt, 1998 Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson, 1974).If two or more people are speaking at the same time, overlapping will occur when the next speaker start talking when the current speaker has just completed a thought only, but still decide to continue (Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson 1974).Gaps may be handle as signs of trouble, for example, that the upcoming turn such as disagreements and localizations (Levinson, 1983). Gaps in conversation occur very frequently, such as telephone conversation.Example 1Joanna Well, will you help me for these.Hailey I certainly will give you a hand.Example 2Hailey Why dont you come and join me tonight at the party.Winnie Sure, I would bid to.When the next speaker self-selects at a transition-relevance place, but a current speaker would like to add additional information into the completed utterance, overlap s will withal occur.Example 3Hailey That was a romantic weekend, uh..Ven- Venus.Venus Im glad you enjoyed your time.Example 4Winnie The party should be around seven or soVenus Well, do you have an extra bed atyour place?8.3 RepairsAs Schegloff (1979) said, Repair is defined as the mechanism by which trouble in speaking, hearing, and understanding is claimed and resolved.8.3.1 Different kinds of conversation repairRepair can be classified by who initiates repair, such as self or other, and by who solves them, such as self or other (Wikipedia Conversation Analysis, n. d.). Repair on that pointfore can be divided into four types. They are self-initiated self repair, other-initiated self repair, self-initiated other repair and other-initiated other repair.8.3.1.1 Self-initiated self repairAccording to Wang (2011), the speaker initiates the mistake or something unknow in his conversation and he repairs it by himself, which is called self-initiated and self repair.Example blood-red What have you done at the weekend?LiXun I go toerhave gone to see a movie.In the example, LiXun initiates that he uses the wrong strive so he changes go into have gone immediately.8.3.1.2 Other-initiated self repairNot only the speaker himself can initiate his mistake, but other speakers also can do so. The speaker himself will repair it. This situation is called other-initiated self repair.The same situation as what mentioned above. The situation is changed. red-faced What have you seen?LiXun I go to see a movie.Ruby (surprised) What do you mean?LiXun I said I have gone to a movie.In this example, LiXun does not initiate that he uses the wrong tense. Ruby however dose. She reminds LiXun to repair.8.3.1.3 Self-initiated other repairSelf-initiated other repair is absolutely opposite to other-initiated self repair. The speaker himself initiates what should be repaired but he fails to repair it. The others help him to repair.ExampleRuby is going on talking with LiXun.Ruby Then what have y ou seen?LiXun A movie, er, adapted from a magic fiction, er, so famous. I forget the name Its writer is J.K. Rowling.Ruby Aha. I see. Its Harry Potter.LiXun Yes, that is Thanks.In this example, LiXun fails to remember the name of the movie in the conversation. Even though he knows the percentage point of the movie, he still cannot tell Ruby what he has seen. The detail which he gives however reminds Ruby of the name of the movie. This situation is defined as self-initiated other repair.8.3.1.4 Other-initiated other repairIn other-initiated other repair, the speaker even does not initiate what he has to repair. Others initiate it and repair for the speaker. You can learn from the following example.ExampleLiXun wants to go on their conversation.LiXun What about you, Ruby?Ruby Er, I think we have to go to the lecture room. Otherwise, we will be late for the lecture.LiXun Lets go to D1-LP-02.Ruby No, we are going to D1-LP-04.Ruby initiates what LiXun says is wrong in the conversation a nd repairs what he fails to say.8.4 Attributable silencesSilence plays an important role in our speech. As stated by Jaworski (1993, p.3), The primary(prenominal) common link between speech and silence is that the same interpretive processes apply to someones remaining meaningfully silent in discourse as to their speaking. Jaworski (1993) also suggests that silence has positive and negative value in a speech. His words indicated various silences of different situation perform different functions.8.4.1 Function of silenceJeasen (1973) suggested that there are five function of silence in speech. The functions he points out are the following a judgmental function, a linkage function, an affecting function, a revelation function and an activating function. All of the five functions are what we are going to focus on.8.4.1.1 Judgmental silenceAccording to Jeasen (1973), silence may indicate ones stead towards the takings he is talking about. Silence can tell whether he supports or he o bjects the idea.ExampleLiXun is talking a boring topic with Ruby.LiXun I think chemistry is so amazingRuby (Smiles and says nothing)LiXun Wow You see the chemistry formula (He goes on talking excitedly.)Ruby (Still keeps silent)Its apparent that Ruby holds opposite attitude to what LiXun is talking about. So she keeps silent for politeness.8.4.1.2 Linkage silenceJeasen (1973) stated that silence is able to bring two or more people together or to separate them. It brings further effects on the speakers in the speech. We are familiar with the following situation. Two good friends misunderstood each other. all time when they see each other they just keep silent. They, sooner or later, will become strangers. Because of silence, they fail to know what the other thinks. As the time goes by, they are separated by silence. This kind of silence separates people.8.4.1.3 Affective silenceJeansen (1973) holds the opinion that silence can heal or infract someone. It is believed that silence shows your attitude towards the topic of the conversation, as well as your attitude towards the speakers. For example, people always keep silence when they are talking to someone they dislike. The silence usually wound the speakers.8.4.1.4 Revelatory silenceRevelatory silence is an interesting one. Jeasen (1973) said that there may be some information behind the silence. It, meanwhile, may be known to the speakers or the listeners. What the silence actually means depends on the relationship between the speakers. You can see in the following example. If two closed friends, especially girls, are gossiping, they will keep silence when they are met someone who they are talking about. In this example, the silence conveys a warning.8.4.1.5 Activating silenceJeasen (1973) indicated that this kind of silence may bring some deep thoughtful signal. It also may bring mental inactive signal. While we are talking, our mind keeps on thinking. A silence is able to show the deep mind of the speaker s. As you can see, when we are consulting with the professors, they usually lead us to thinking deeply. The professors, therefore, choose to be silence when we are talking our ideas. The silence can be considered as an encouragement, an agreement or an appreciation.8.5 Sequence of Conversation8.5.1 Adjacency PairsAdjacency pair is the sequence of conversation. It includes two part which are produced near another (Hutchby Wooffitt, 1998) and is the smallest unit of conversational exchange.Basic form of adjacency pair (Schegloff, 2007)First, adjacency pair involves two utterances. Once the first utterance is spoken, the second is required.Second, each utterance is produced by two different speakers.Third, pairs are adjacently placed.Fourth, pairs of utterances are ordered. They are separated into two separate. They are the first pair parts (FPPs) and the second pair parts (SFFs). For instance, given a question is followed by an answer, then the question is the FPPs and the answer is the SPPs.Lastly, they are pair-type related.Here are some example of some types of adjacency pairs (Wang, 2011)Question answerAt the supermarketHailey Can I get some help over here? I cant get that tin of sardines.Shop-keeper Ill be right here to help you.Invitation / request acceptation / declinationIn Winnies birthdayJoanna Would you like to dance with me, please?Winnie Yes.Greeting return greetingHailey better morning.Joanna Morning.Offer acceptance / rejectionIn the libraryLiberian May I help you find something?Venus No thanks, I can find it by myself.Compliment acceptanceVenus Your dress looks very lovely.Winnie Thank you. I just brought it from HM.8.5.1.2 Transition of sequenceThere are different types of transition of sequence.8.5.1.2.1 Adjacency/ NextnessTo verbalize a turn-constructional unit, every word ought to be placed one by one (Schegloff, 2007).(8.5.1.2.1.a)Ben Good morning. docking facility Good morning.In the above conversation, Ben greets Bob and then Bo b returns the greeting to Ben immediately.(8.5.1.2.1.b)Ben Would you like to have a lunch?Bob No, thanks.Ben How about a drink?The above conversation is called exchange as it includes three utterances. The IRF figure of speech are initiation, response and follow-up (Wang, 2011).8.5.1.2.2 CountersCounter means one does not answer SPP directly after one asks a FPP, instead he/she direct the FPP back to the asker (Schegloff, 2007). In this case, SSP given is being delayed.(8.5.1.2.2.a) (Tarpee, 19911)1 Kate F What is it?2 Emily F You guess what it is first.3 (0.2)4 Kate S Pumpkin.5 Emily Yes, it is.In the conversation, Kate asks a question (FFP) in line 1, however, Emily does not answer it in return, and instead she redirects the question back to Kate (the asker) to answer. (line2)(8.5.1.2.2.b) (Scheflen, 1961114, as adapted in Peyrot, 199417)1 readiness F Do you love me?2 Candy F Do you think so?3 Seth Sure.4 Candy But I dont.In the conversation, Candy does not answer Seths question directly. Instead, she answers the question with an insertion of a question-answer exchange.8.5.2 Pre-expansionPre-expansion means adding a part before an exchange (FPs and SPs). According to Schegloffs, pre-expansion is expanding the conversation by adding preliminary question in front of the FFP (Schegloffs, 2007).8.5.2.1 Pre-invitationBefore giving an invitation, you requirement to be sure that he or she is available or not. So, you need to ask some preliminary questions. For example, by asking What are you doing?, if you want one to accept your invitation, you expect the answer to be no vice versa.(8.5.2.1) (Jefferson G.31)(Arthur is the ships company Sylvia is respondent to the phone)1 Sylvia Hello.2 Arthur Hello, how are you?3 Sylvia Fine, thanks.4 Arthur F(pre) What are you doing?5 Sylvia S(pre) Nothing.6 Arthur F(b) Do you want a drink?7 Sylvia S(b) Yes, why not?Arthur asks what Sylvia is doing to see if she is free or not. With the endeavour res ponse of Sylvia (line 5) indicating she is free, Arthur continues to invite her as he knows she is free with the pre-sequence asked at line 4. Finally, Sylvia accepts his invitation.8.5.2.1 Pre-offerPre-offer is similar to pre-invitation. It aims to provide the need to someone beforehand.(8.5.2.2.a)1 Sylvia Oh, I tear the sheet mistakenly.2 Arthur 3 Sylvia I think I need to buy a tape.4 Arthur I have one.5 Sylvia Really?6 Arthur Do you want it?7 Sylvia Sure.From the example, Arthur gives the pre-offer (line 4) to Sylvia after knowing she needs a tape. At line5, when she says Really?, it is a go-ahead response to pre-sequence. Lastly, when Arthur makes the offer, she accepts.8.5.3 PreferenceThere are different types of responses during exchanges. For instance, when greeting, one says hello to you and you are supposed to reply with a greeting too. Nevertheless, when one asks you a question, you may have different answers which can be preferred or dispreferred by the asker. Like an invitation, the reply can be positive or negative. Nonetheless, an answer with yes does not mean it is a prefered response. According to Schegloff, If the question is built to prefer yes, then no is a dispreferred response, even if delivered without delay and in turn-initial position, vise versa (Schegloff, 1988 c453).8.5.3.1 Types of responsesThere are two types of responses. The first one is preferred responses, which means answers are given positively. Another is dispreferred responses, which means answers are given negatively.In fact, there are some hints indicating the preferred status of a turn.When answering directly and without any delayExampleJanice Do you want to go swimmingJill Yes, I do.Moreover, there are some other hints indicating the dispreferred status of a turn.a) When answering indirectlyExampleJanice Are you free on Monday?Jill Well, I need to do my homework, and b) When answering with delayExampleHesitation such as Well, Um, Er8.6 Conversation Transcripti onTranscription of conversation is very essential for analyzing conversation .It should be produced anterior conversation analysis, because it is used as a referential tool for the analysis of conversation (Psathas, 1995).8.6.1 Tools used for recordingA naturally occurring conversation is usually put down by video recorders these days. Hence, apart from recording the conversation, body languages, gestures as well as facial expressions can also be recorded. These features are very life-and-death as they allow the relationship between speech and body movement to be observed (Psathas, 1995).8.6.2 Procedures involved in transcriptionIn fact, the recordings mentioned in 8.6.1 are done by analysts themselves. After producing the recordings, analysts listen to the recordings repeatedly by themselves. Once analysts repeatedly listen to the tape, they can focus on the phenomena that are very crucial for conversation analysis (Hutchby, Wooffitt, 2008).8.6.3 Characteristics of conversatio n transcriptionConversation transcription is not simply a piece of writing with words and sentences exchanged by the speakers. However, it includes many a(prenominal) other different features as well.The information listed below should be included in a transcript (Wang, 2011).Information about the participantsWords spoken arduous utteredInaudible soundOverlapping speechStretch, stresses, volumeDifferent transcription symbols will be introduced as follows1. LatchingWhen latching occurs in a conversation between two people, two = will be placed in the transcript when the second speaker speaks just after the first speaker speaks. The first = will be placed right behind the transcription of the first speaker, while the second one is placed in front of the transcript of the second speaker (Psathas, 1995).ExampleMary Im empty-bellied=Peter =You never feel fullLatching by more than one speaker is represented similarly to latching by two speakers. A = is put after the transcription of the first speaker, but a = is placed in front of the transcription of two speakers instead of = (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey Im famished=Joanna =You never feel fullVenus =So do ILatching by more than one speaker can also occur in a way that two speakers end their conversation at the same time and immediately the third speaker speaks. (Psathas, 1995)ExampleVenus Im very very hungry=Hailey hungryJoanna =So do I.In this case, the Mary and Peter end their conversation at the same time and then Paul immediately speaks.2. Audible breathingExhalations are represented by an h or more than one h while inhalations are represented by .h or more than one .h (Psathas, 1995). Usually, departure expresses tiredness or sadness.ExampleJoanna I havent finished my Wiki-book project yet hhhhAs for inhalation, it usually indicates surprise or nervousness.ExampleVenus .hhh Im going to have my linguistics exam tomorrow.Sound stretchSound stretch means lengthening the sound. When speakers would like to str engthen their tone, sound stretch occurs. One colon denotes that the precedent sound is lengthened, while more than 1 colon means a more lengthened sound (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey I am so hungryVenus I know (.) I can hear that some sounds coming out from your stomach.IntonationThroughout a conversation, there must be rises and falls in the transition of speakers (Psathas, 1995).A rise in intonationAn arrow pointing upwards is put just prior to the rise in intonation (Psathas, 1995).ExampleJoanna Would you like to have dinner with me?Venus Yes, sure.A fall in intonationAn arrow pointing downwards is put just behind the fall in intonation (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey Would you like to have dinner with me?((gap))VenusYes(0.9)if Im free tonight.StressWhen speakers want to emphasize something, they will speak the words more loudly and lengthen the words. The emphasized word is underlined (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey I almost got full marks for my linguistics exam, will I be awarde d something, Mum?Venus Sure (0.9) Ill buy a reference book for you to study so that you can get full marks next time.PitchA Fall in pitchTo show a fall in pitch, the vowel sound of the word should be underlined, and a colon is added just behind the underlined vowel (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey I was awarded a reference book(0.8) for having good results in the exam..Joanna If you were awarded the newly released photo album of Rain, you would have been much happier.A rise in pitchTo show a rise in pitch, the stress is marked on the prolongation (Psathas, 1995).ExampleJoanna My mother gave me a big surpriseHailey buy you the photo album of Rain?Joanna YesVolumeIncreased Volume is indicated by capital letters (Wang, 2011).ExampleWhen Joanna is talking to Hailey, suddenly a dog appears.Joanna Have you finished the wiki-book project? (.) A DOGS RUNNING TOWARDS USHailey Calm down, Joanna.Decreased volume is indicated by degree marks (Wang, 2011).ExampleWhen Venus is telling Hailey someth ing unsuitable about Paul, suddenly Paul approaches.Venus Paul never hands in his homework on time.Hailey Pauls approaching8. Sound utteredThere are not only words within a conversation. Sometimes, when the speakers produce some sounds, they are also recorded.ExampleHailey Oh Ive dropped my mobile phone into the toiletVenus(laugh) Why are you so careless?8.7 ConclusionConversation is an exchange of information between people in real-life situations. The aim of conversation analysis is to give an analytic description of the organization of interaction. We can understand how people carry out conversation in the society. In addition, we know more about the secrets behind the conversation, such as silence and preference.

Information Management Systems That Support Organizations

Information Management Systems That Support OrganizationsABSTRACTAn selective development corpse fanny be defined as a furbish up of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), function, store, and distri merelye teaching to support decision making, coordination, and control in an fundamental law. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination and control, information ecesiss whitethorn in like manner help managers and workers analyse problems visualise complex subjects, and create new products(Laudon Laudon, 2001)1. IntroductionIn order for an organisation to fully appreciate the information trunks available to them they must(prenominal) appreciate the value of information available. Information Technology and Information Management experience experienced tremendous growth. Information is available everywhere and anymagazine. The Internet has sure as shooting devalued information, before its creation many organisations benefited from gathering, sortin g and selling information to stakeholders in exact information to grow their business.When printed information is turned into digital information the price drops. Take for example newspapers. It is the norm that Newspapers to sidereal day publishes part of its information on the Newspapers website for free, if you want to view the rest of the articles you must pay for it at a premium. Meta information providers such(prenominal) as Google pick up this digital information and provide it free over the internet. The value of the information to the providers is obviously monetary but to the consumer of these online products it is ease of access and less time consuming to purchase online information.Although much of information provided is considered to be free, we do pay the internet provider, and the internet provider charges a third party for access to the information.The internet today has turned into the largest library in the world. In the past students when looking for information for assignments, research projects and exams gathered information from books, newspapers and research journals. The internet has made attaining information uncomplicated.1.1 The Value of Information to the OrganisationIt does non matter what type of business you atomic number 18 running whether it be a manufacturing business or providing a service the vital ingredient for any organisation is information. It is an organisation most vital asset. Information enables us to determine the need to create new products and services. Information tells us to move into new markets or to withdraw from other markets. Without information, the goods do not get made, the orders argon not placed, the materials atomic number 18 not procured, the shipments are not delivered, the customers are not billed, and the business cannot survive. www.referenceforbusiness.com 22. Information Management SystemsAn Information System (IS) is more than hardware or software. The most world-shattering components of the trunk are the mass who invent it, principal(prenominal)tain it, and expend it. While the overall system must meet various needs in footing of power and performance, it must also be functional for the organisations employees. Regardless which Information System an organisation chooses it is a major investment for any firm in todays business environment. A poorly chosen or designed Information System can become an impediment to an organisation in attaining its goals. If the Information system if not capable of collecting, storing and transferring vital information for the business then the outcome can be catastrophic. Customers of the business may be discontented or worse lost. Valuable revenue may be lost due to increased overheads and the business may lose desired business direction due to an uneffective Information System.2.1 Information Management ChallengesIt may be essential to design antithetic systems aimed at assorted directs of the organisation, firms are likely to find rewards in combine systems, although integrating systems for different levels to freely exchange information can be complicated and expensive. Organisations need to decide what level of systems integrating is required and how much it is passing to cost.Sustaining a competitive improvement does not necessarily last long. Competitors can reproduce a competitors strategic information management system. Changing market conditions, changes in what the consumer wants today and changes in the business environment all add to the loss of competitive advantage within an organisation if previous standards are not maintained. Updated engine room from rival companies can lead to your organisation losing its competitive advantage.Operational take aim SystemsKnowledge Level SystemsManagement Level SystemsStrategic Level Systems3. Operational Level Systems3.1 The Transaction Support SystemTSS supports managers in the day to day running of the business. It keeps rail of basic t ransactions such as sales figures, lodgements to bank, payments to creditors, paysheet etc. The main purpose of the system is to answer questions which arise on a daily basis. Information must be easily obtained and precise.These are central systems that serve the working(a) level of the organisation. Transaction Support System is a computerised system that executes the daily routine transactions necessary to carry out the day to day tasks of running a business. At the operational level duties, resources and goals are predefined and form the foundation of daily business. Example of which is a bank lending currency to customers, the predetermined questions are on the computer if the customer has the capacity to fund the repayments of the loan the transaction support system testament give the answer as to whether the loan can be grant or not as the case may be.Typical TPS piddle five major functional categories, sales marketing, manufacturing production, finance accounting a nd compassionate Resource.3. 2 Knowledge Level SystemsKnowledge Work Systems (KWS) supports the organisation employees involved in entropy processing. The knowledge based system helps integrate new information into the organisation and controls the flow of paper. Knowledge Level Systems are found in workstations throughout the organisation. Normally knowledge workers are people who hold formal university degrees and are often members of professional bodies such as doctors, engineers, lawyers and scientists. Their main role is to primarily create new information and knowledge. KWS, such as scientific or engineering design work stations, promote the creation new knowledge and ensure that new knowledge and technical expertise are properly integrated into the business.4. Management Level SystemsManagement Information Systems (MIS) are used to monitor and control decision making and administrative activities. Management level taradiddles provide regular intelligence rather than inform ation on operations. Some management systems centre on less structured decisions from which the information received may not always be clear. These systems often answer the question what if an example of which would be what will happen if our sales figures double in the next 2 months. Answers to questions often need new data from outside the organisation as well as the readily available data found from the existing operational level system. MIS primarily serve the function of controlling, planning and decision making at management level, depending on transaction processing system for their data.The MIS condense and report on the companys basic operations. This system usually provides managers with weekly, monthly and yearly results. It will provide specified answers to routine questions that have been prepared in advance and have a predefined formula for answering them. For instance, MIS reports might list the amount of coffee used last quarter in a chain of coffee shops, or it can make comparisons between one quarter and another. Management information systems are usually not flexible and they have little diagnostic capabilities, they use simple routine reports such as summaries and comparisons.4.1 Decision Support SystemsDSS also supports management level in the organisation. DSS assist managers make decisions that are exclusive, briskly adjusting, not easy to specify beforehand. They address problems where the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined. Even though DSS use interior information from TPS and MIS, they frequently bring in information from external sources, such as product price of competitors or current stock price.By design the Decision Support System have more analytical power that the other systems. Built for the sole purpose with a variety of models to analyse data, or compress large amounts of data into a form where they can then be studied by the decision makers.DSS are designed so that users can work with them di rectly these systems explicitly include user-friendly software. DSS are interactive the user can change assumptions, ask new questions, and include new data (Laudon Laudon. 2001)4.2 Strategic Level SystemsExecutive Support System (ESS) assists senior managers attempt to address strategic issues and long term goals within the internal and external environments. The main concern is matching changes in the external environment to organisational capabilities. Information systems also supply major business functions as in sales, marketing, manufacturing and finance, accounting and human resource. A classic system will have each of the information systems designed to give the information required from each of the various departments. The sales function has a sales system on the operational level to record daily sales figures and to process customers orders. A management level system can track monthly sales, can send reports and calculate if there is an increase or decrease in sales. The system can complete sales forecasts for specific periods of time depending on the strategic structure the organisation requires.The ESS serves to address non routine decisions requiring evaluation, judgement and insight as there is no agreed procedure to find a solution. The system creates a sweeping computing and communications environment rather than supplying any fixed application or specific capabilities. The design is such that the system incorporates data about external events like new tax laws or competitors, but they also illustrate information from the MIS and DIS. The system filters, compresses and track significant data, highlighting the reduction of time and effort in finding information of value to the executives. Within the Executive Support System there is the most travel graphics software with the ability to deliver graphs and data from many sources without delay.5. Integration of Information SystemsThe Transaction Processing Systems plays a key role in bout raw da ta into information it also provides data to the other systems. The ESS system relies on data from the lower level systems. Data is exchanged between the different functional areas. To aid the exchange of information many organisations are now building opening move systems, also kn bear as Enterprise Resource readying (ERP) systems. Enterprise software models mechanise many of the business processes, such as filling an order, or planning a shipment, with the objective of integrating information across the organisation and getting rid of complex, highly priced connections between computer systems in various areas of the business. The flawless stream of information which was previously uneven throughout the organisation can now be sent throughout the various departments seamlessly. The system will collect data from a range of sources within the business process and accumulate them in a single comprehensive data repository where it can be retrieved by other departments of the busine ss. For the managers it means that information is attained in a precise and timely manner.Enterprise systems can improve organisational effectiveness and efficiency, help the managers in the decision making process the difficulties are that the system is extremely complex and difficult to construct. Organisations will need to restructure their business practices to improve how information flows throughout the organisation. In reviewing their practices employees need to be trained to use the system and take on new responsibilities. Enterprise systems require intricate pieces of software and large investments of time, money, and expertise.5.1 Industrial NetworksSome companies are extending their enterprise systems beyond their internal enviroment to lot information and synchronise their business practices and proccesses with other other businesses withing their industry. Industrial Networks can also be known as Extended Enterprises, connect together the enterprise systems of busines ses within an entire industry.For instance, Proctor and Gamble (PG), the worlds largest consumer goods company, have been developing and integrated industry -wide system that coordinatesthe grocery store point-of-sale systems with grocery store warehouses, shippers, its own manufacturing facilities, and its suppliers of raw materials. The single industry-spanning system effectively allows PG to moniter the movement of all its products from raw materials to customer purchase(Laudon Laudon. 2001)46. DiscussionDepending on the type of business the organisation may have several different types of Information Systems.For Example An Accounts firm whose main activity is the collation of figures, with a large volume of clients would have various different departments working off a mainframe. Each department within the organisation will have various different levels of access to the centralised computer system. The Human Resource department will have access to the files of the employees wor king for the company but would not have access to the clients business records. The accountants working for the firm have access to the clients files but do not have access to the files of the employees.Because there are different interests in a firm no single system can give all the information an organisation requires. Information Systems can be made to provide different organisational interests. The use of these systems can provide an organisation with a strategic competitive advantage although unless a business can keep up with technological advances competitors may in fact remove the advantage an organisation has worked hard to retain.7. ConclusionThis report is titled Information Management Systems that support organisations But in order to appreciate what an Information system and integration can do for an organisation it was worthwhile to investigate the value of information. The advantages to organisations are clear raw data processed through Transaction Report Systems and reports are generated to the specifications required for managers. Knowledge Work Systems which is specialised system creating new information operated by professional employees. Organisations and information influence each other. Information systems must be aligned to provide information that is important to each department in the organisation. In order for the organisation to work efficiently and effectively it must be open to the influence of the Information Systems.Keeping abreast of new technologies will essential for organisations in order to sustain competitive advantage. Interaction between information technologies is complex and is influenced by interceding issues, including the structure of the organisation, operating procedures, culture, politics, internal and external environment, and managers decision making. Unless it is understood that Information system changes life in the organisation, they are unable to successfully design new systems or understand active systems within the organisation. Within the organisation managers will decide what systems will be built, what they will do, and how the implantation of the systems will occur. However the cost involved in building Information Management Systems has to take into consideration but can any organisation afford to be without one.

Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies

armed services second to Civilian Law Enforcement AgenciesCHAPTER IViolence perpetrated by Mexican medicine Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) change magnituded dramatic whollyy in 2006 and continued to bestride dramatically by dint of 2010. According to the matter medicine Intelligence fondnesss content medicine Threat Assessment, 2010, published in February 2010, Mexican DTOs dominate the transportation of unlawful do do medicinesss crossways the s byh-west restrict. They typically use commercial trucks and private and rental vehicles to smuggle cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin ( subject field medicate Threat Assessment, 2010). The increase in DTO legal action has resulted in an increase of armed services elaboration in foreclosedo drugs operations on the U.S. southwestern United Statesern bounce region. The tables in the appendices outline the statistical finale of the enigma and the geographic sixth sense of Mexican DTOs indoors the United States. the Statess densely populated southern a just with Mexico stretches nearly 2,000 miles in length and possesses several established crossing points. In atomic scrap 18as on northern Mexico, DTOs attire and equip themselves with re reservoirs that out match Mexican force forces (McCaffrey 2009). With these developments, it is necessary to consider increased U.S. armed services choke to drug interdict along the southwest gross profit margin, as DTOs be a national security t misapprehension that directly plays a role in destabilizing the severely trafficked aras in twain the U.S. and Mexico. line of work StatementThe caper is to determine what army Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies (MSCLEA) should be brought to bear against Mexican DTOs to interdict and reduce the flow of drugs across the southwestward Border.Research accusatoryThis explore aimed at answering and elucidating the following objectivesWhat capabilities does the U.S. armed forces machine already attain in the southwest border region to counter drug trafficking?What is the DTOs current cap faculty to interdict drugs across the border (e.g. weapons, funding, resources)?What are the American laws and regulations governing the use of MSCLEA?Is it financially feasible to increase MSCLEA?AssumptionsThe main premise to this enquiry is based on the assumption that increasing the resources used to interdict the drug trafficking in the southwest border region leave alone get hold of a peremptory impact in disrupting DTOs operations, lessen the amount of drugs trafficked and aiding in stabilizing the southwest border region. round groups advocate other snugglees to the occupation much(prenominal)(prenominal) as legalisation and establishing additional word programs for users and abusers of wicked drugs. Moreover, on the supply side, the assumption is diplomatic pressure on the countries that produce the drugs or serviceance to their military and police or ganizations is necessary to increase the lastingness. This proffer assumes that heighten interdiction efforts on the Southwest border pass on negatively impact Mexican DTOs and reduce use of irregular drugs deep d witness the United States.Additionally, the results and recommendations for this investigate assumed that all military facilitateance falls at heart Title 32 Duty and Article I, 8 of the Constitution that allows the case bulwark to be used under the command and control of the governor to execute the laws of the Union, in order to suppress rebellion and deter invasions (Withers, 2010 p. 6).Definition of legal injury troops Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies (MSCLEA) Technical assistance rendered to non bitant law lend oneselfment agencies. This can let in military resources that are non obtainable to civilians such as gossamer oversight, technical assistance with these resources, and tactical advice. It does not include actual law enforcement pow ers (Sergienko, 2006, p. 395).Interdiction efforts All efforts used to reduce the flow of illegal drugs into the United States on the build (or under background knowledge) across the Southwest border. Success equals increased levels of drug seizures.Southwest border The land border amidst the U.S. and Mexico besides called the U.S.-Mexico border.Limitations and delimitationsThis case is limited to ground interdiction. Drug export is an incredibly profitable enterprise. If ground interdiction efforts are to prove effective, it presumes that DTOs would attempt to move their operations into marine and gossamer operations. However, this excogitate depart only consider the deployment of marine and aerial assets as they relate to ground operations. This get word volition limit its focalise of the Southwest to the trinity analyse DTO interdiction routes located in Texas, New Mexico, and California.The strategies proposed or dismissed in this look may or may not be curb to compare with the interdiction efforts on other borders such as the northern border with Canada.This study will be limited to cooperation with civilian law enforcement agencies in spite of appearance the United States. It will not consider back up for Mexican civilian law enforcement agencies nor will it consider cooperation with the Mexican military although it will ack instantaneouslyledge that they are now the hotshot agency in struggle with DTOs indoors Mexico.All proposals for MSCLEA will be governed by the U.S Constitution, applicable U.S. laws and the USNORTHCOM directives on MSCLEA, Military support to civilian law enforcement is carried out in strict compliance with the Constitution and U.S. laws and under the direction of the president and secretary of defense (USNORTHCOM).CHAPTER II Literature ReviewThis chapter provides an overview of the belles-lettres try outd. It identifies the dominant literature and sources that will provide arguments addressing DTOs drug smu ggling, MSCLEAs and the current situation along the Southwest border. The academic debate concerning MSCLEA on the border focuses primarily on the unwrap of illegal in-migration and second on drug interdiction. There are only a few applys on the topic. Therefore, research will focus on academic articles, presidential term studies, and statistical info available through the U.S. Border Patrol and Department of Enforcement Administration.Timothy Dunns 1996 book, The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992 Low Intensity contrast tenet Comes abode is a study that compares data collected through interviews with military doctrine, law enforcement, congressional documents, and personal observations. Dunns intent is to gild that increased activity along the southwest border escalated forcing military involvement in immigration and drug enforcement to a level unintended by Congress and defense officials. Dunn provides brainstorm to the difficulty associated with MSCLEA along the southwest border. This historical data requires comparison to the post 9/11 challenges.There are numerous government studies and shrouds related to antecedent and current U.S. counterdrug program. The congressional Research Service (CRS) and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) disposed(p) most reports for members of Congress. The depicted object Drug and Control Policy also go a number of useful products. Stephen Vina CRS report in 2006, Border Security and Military Support Legal Authorizations and Restrictions outlines military support legal and policy limitations with in the U.S. His study states military support to DTO is feasible however, it must be restricted to the employment of Nation Guard for border security missions vice the employment of dynamic duty (GAO, 2003).The 2010 report Department of Defense Needs to Improve Its Performance Measurement System to Better Manage and oversee Its Counternarcotics Activities demonstrates congressional interest in measures of effectiveness to absolve MSCLEA in the early 1990s. The 1993 Heavy Investment in Military Surveillance is Not Paying Off report findings suggest approximately military assets, such as rotary wing transport and lower-end unsettle aerial vehicles are recountingly inexpensive and within the potential budget of national law enforcement. opposite assets such as large multi-role aircraft and naval vessels, are very expensive operate and maintain. The GAO (2009) study concluded that military surveillance is costly particularly when current technology systems designed to detect and control highly sophisticated weapon systems in combat situations are employed against a DTO smuggling bane.Together, these two reports support content from the recent Washington Office on Latin America report that strongly suggest there must be a insulation of military and police roles in America. George Withers would agree there is a wishing of measures of effectiveness justifying milita ry support on the border.The GAO study, stop Border possible action Observations on Deployment Challenges discusses the challenges of integrating sensors and obstacles along the 2000-mile Southwest border. Conversely, the 2007 report, U.S. Assistance Has Helped Mexican Counternarcotics Efforts, but Tons of Illicit Drugs Continue to Flow Into the United States all the way demonstrates the difficulties of combating the supply of drugs. This study bring approximately discussion to light upon the gaps in efficiency could be leveraged with unique available military resources.The Rise of Mexican Drug Cartel and U.S. National Security hearing conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice illustrated the success of interagency cooperation against targeting DTOs. The report provides an overview of the capability of the DTOs operating along the southwest border and describes their ability to conduct drug trafficking, kidnapping, bribery, extortion, money laundering and smuggling of profit s, and trafficking and use of dangerous firearms. The report concludes that the best strategy to combat the full spectrum of the drug cartels operations is a holistic climb up that employs the full spectrum of our law enforcement agencies and its resources, expertise, and statutory reasonities.The Mexican border states have become much like a war zone with heavily armed military units on the street (since the President deemed local police too corrupt to deal with the cartels) and frequent firefights between the military and the cartels. According to L.A. Times, as of November 29, 2010, 28,288 people have died in Mexico since January 2007 because of the drug wars. In relative terms, that number is higher than the number of American troops that have died in Iraq in the finish seven historic period (Mexico under Siege The Drug War on Our Doorstep, 2010).Mexico Under Siege The Drug War on Our Doorstep, is an L.A. Times website that includes all of their coverage of drug smuggling along the Southwest border along with interactive maps, links to television coverage and a host of other information. This website is the principle primary source for details of recent events and media coverage of the situation. Additionally, the website Drug Trafficking in Mexico maintained by latinamericanstudies.org traces the history of the drug trafficking between Mexico and the U. S. from 1998-2009. This website provides links to hundreds of other articles on the subject as well.The Congressional Reporting Service publication Terrorism Some Legal Restrictions on Military Assistance to Domestic Authorities hobby a Terrorist snipe by Charles Doyle and Jennifer Elsea presents the legal definition of MSCLEAs in the wake of post 9/11 developments (Doyle and Elsea, 2005).increase MSCLEA issues emerged in the 1980s and 1990s with heed to the interdiction of drugs. However, since 9/11 they have largely revolved around the role of MSCLEA around terrorism related incidents. The offi cial policy of the United States multitude on MSCLEA is contained in the Catastrophic Disaster Response Staff Officers Handbook Appendix I Legal Considerations/Law Enforcement published by the United States symmetrical army Combined weapons system Center in May 2006. This document is supplemented by a paper prepared by Colonel Thomas W. McShane entitled, United States Northern Commands delegacy to Provide Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies The Challenge to keep situationland Security and Civil Liberty Dancing in Step with the authoritative Legal medical specialty (2004).There are varieties of publications that deal with the history of MSCLEA for Counter-drug Operations. Most of the U.S. policy affecting domestic counterdrug MSCLEA require updates and fails to reflect the realities of the implementation of the North American Free passel Agreement (NAFTA) or the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. Two of these stand out as having particular importance fo r this proposal. The first is The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992 Low-Intensity fighting Doctrine Comes Home by Timothy J Dunn, published in 1996. The second is a Rand Corporation report entitled Sealing the Borders The Effects of Increased Military alliance in Drug Interdiction written by Peter Reuter, Gordon Crawford, and Jonathan Cave published in 1988. both of the documents are dated however, they will provide a historical context to compare to current operations. Reuter concludes that military support provided in the war on drugs in the 1980s was costly, ineffective, and distracted military forces from preparing for interstate combat missions.Both documents are roughly twenty years old and this gist that their good will of everything from the technology of interdiction efforts to the scope and influence of DTOs is dated. On the other hand, both(prenominal) documents precede the emergence of the overwhelming threat of terrorist attacks and therefore the focus is on MSCLEAs in a pre-9/11 context with the emphasis on drug interdiction, not anti-terrorism operations.Most classically, both of these documents present a negative image of interdiction efforts. The U.S. military interdiction efforts, although criticize provides an approach from two unalike perspectives. The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992 Low-Intensity participation Doctrine Comes Home published by the Center for Mexican American Studies at the University of Texas, Austin focuses on the negative effects of the militarisation of the border in terms of lost economic opportunities and threats to civil liberties.More condemning, however, is the Rand Corporation document, Sealing the Borders The Effects of Increased Military Participation in Drug Interdiction. It concludes that interdiction efforts in general have little impact on the flow of drugs into the United States. Furthermore, it concludes that an increase in military involvement did not mitigate the interdiction effectiveness efforts and was unlikely to do so in the forthcoming. The Rand study strongly suggests that the military cannot be the primary interdiction agency and that a major increase in military support is unlikely to reduce drug consumption significantly in the United States (Reuter, Crawford and Cave, 1988).The findings are not practical for exploring re-create efforts to employ enhanced MSCLEA in the interdiction effort in the twenty-first century. There are numerous reservations close(predicate) applying this study directly to the current situation. This study will examine interdiction in terms of interdiction (seizure) rates, not reduced consumption, and the price of illicit drugs as examined by the Rand study.In addition, the circumstances of the drug handicraft across the Southwestern border have changed considerably over the past nine years, as have the military resources available to employ against interdiction effort. The DTOs are now victimisat ion RPGs and other military type weaponry consequently the military has UAVs and other surveillance equipment that was not available in the 1980s.The Rand study is incredibly important to take ining the history of military involvement in drug interdiction on the Southwest border. However, the findings do not constitute the final examination word on the subject today as it is over twenty years old.It is imperative to examine literature that relates to the policies and procedures for MSCLEAs and the organization of cooperative efforts between the MSCLEAs. Doctrine for this already exists for both the military and civilian organizations. The Joint Task Force North, JTF-North Operational Support castning Guide 2010 outlines the military perspective on correlative military-civilian operations. The police grounds of the relationship is outlined in Civilian and Military Law Enforcement Cooperation published in The Police Chief (Awtry, 2004).The study Preach What You perform The Separ ation of Military and Police Roles in the Americas argues that military employment to assist law enforcement agencies falls the Posse Comitatus Act limits however, there is no imminent threat of attack on the United States. Therefore, they question the need for a heightened militarization of the southwest border (Withers, Santos, Isacsoni, 2010 p 8). This report suggest that instead of supporting a military reply, the U.S. government re align its resources to focus on additional aid for police and law enforcement capabilities within Mexico. They recommend this aid be in the form change law enforcement training, equipment, and technology rather than merely training in counter-drug tactics.The JTF North website lists the following capabilities as operational support the U. S. military is prepared to provide federal law enforcement agencies aviation transportation, including both insertion and extraction of personnel aviation reconnaissance air and maritime surveillance radar unmann ed aircraft systems ground surveillance radar listening post and observation post surveillance ground sensor operations and ground transportation. The consensus within NORTHCOM appears to be the military is capable of proviso resources that enhance law enforcement ability to interdict the threats along the southwest border. Under USNORTHCOM, the military conducts a concoction of domestic exercises aimed at using the military and National Guard under the presidents control in a wide range of U.S. homeland emergencies such as terrorist events and even domestic violence. Which is the threat currently exhibit by DTOs. The exercises do not involve any Mexican entities, NORTHCOM suggest that an exchange of military personnel and cadets with Mexico as a means of gaining Mexican involvement in NORTHCOM, as well as regular talks about cooperation could increase the effectiveness of combating DTO activity along the border.Jose Palafox addresses militarization of the border and the applicab ility of military counterdrug operations along the U.S.-Mexican border in 1990. He closely examines the 1996 structure of JTF-6 and then concludes that a JTF consisting of only a brigade-size unit could in effect conduct uphold operations to interdict border drug trafficking along the two-thousand-mile boundary. JTF-6 was renamed JTF North in a ceremony Sept. 28, 2004, and its mission was expanded beyond the drug war to include providing homeland security support to the nations federal law enforcement agencies.The article states the Pentagon is spent approximately $800 million a year to help enforce the drug trafficking laws alone. The missions ranged from ground reconnaissance, training, logistics, and research. In 1995, the Department of Defense transferred military technology equipment to Border Patrol in order to upgrade legacy Vietnam War error equipment. Due to a joint effort by the Justice and Treasury Departments and the Office of National Drug Control Policy, the Border Pa trol also has its own high-tech Border Research and Technology Center near San Diego.The article suggests that JTF-6 operations supporting DTO activity was a success and a necessity for future operations between military and civilian organizations. Although, Border Patrol received significant upgrades gaps along the porous border remain specifically training and discussion collection.Major scratching Van Dries 1990 monograph titled Drug Interdiction Can We Stop the New Pancho Villa, addresses the feasibility of military counterdrug operations along the border in the 1990s. The study states that drugs are a legitimate national security threat and the vulnerability of drug cartels to military operations. Drie conclusion supports employment of military forces along the border where legal restraints are not clear and domestic opposition is less likely. He further articulates that effectively securing the southwest border in 1990 would require a cordon force of 65,000 U.S. troops.Both the article and monograph fail to mention the 1997 tragic death of a U.S. citizen at the hands of a military service member that expose the difficulties and inherent risks in employing combat focused forces in training missions in support of domestic counterdrug MSCLEA. Marine Corps Corporal Manuel Banuelos shot and killed Texas high shallow student Esequiel Hernandez with a single shot from his service rifle. The incident inspired a backlash against armed military patrols along the border and resulted in dispense with of the practice. The current approach is indirect support to law enforcement such as intelligence, engineering, and surveillance (Dunn, 2001, p 14-17).In summary, this chapter discusses corroborative information relating to drug cartel along US-Mexico borders and its perpetuation within the region which caused escalation of violence, increasing number of death tool and its serious implication to Mexicos politico-economy as well as its diplomatic relation with nati ons, curiously United States.The win chapters will discuss the methodology.CHAPTER III MethodologyThis chapter tackles the research methodology that will be used to assess the military resource requirements to counter drug activity along the Southwest border. The author will conduct outline of secondary information by using (a) timeline analysis to account the historical context about the war on drugs, (b) evaluate the laws and regulations associated with MSCLEA and current MSCLEA support in order to determine the most appropriate MSCLEA to counter drug trafficking along the Southwest border, (c) illustrate key developments in the war on drugs and military involvement in supporting the domestic counterdrug effort and (d) evaluate the significance, tip, resource mental ability and feasibility of deploying MSCLEA to assist in the interdiction of DTOs across the Southwest border.Research DesignThis chapter will examine the issue by means of soft and numeric analyses using variety of sources from media accounts, government reports, academic works, and historical documents. To a lesser extent, opinion pieces will be used when the information is valid and appropriate opposing viewpoints are available for inclusion. compend of the results will provide statistical validity to the interpretation of results for the military and for the other agencies such as drug threats provided by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC).SampleSampling is irrelevant in this study. Researcher is not using survey method but will be maximizing secondary information from government reports and earlier studies conducted related to the issue on Mexican drug interdiction. Other related relevant sources will also be inclusively considered.SettingThe study will be conducted within American soil although it will also make use of documents from Mexican government which will be accessed, brush uped and evaluated accordingly.InstrumentationThi s is a qualitative and quantitative longitudinal case study that will use a combination of timeline mapping, conflict-analysis, and triangulation to understand the complex and aeonian illegal drug trade within the region that has been affecting neighboring and the international communities worldwide due to increasing violence within the area contempt security management measures. All historical accounts, records, testimonies and researchers from incessant intervention done by the United States of America will be reviewed, examine and be maximized in crafting conclusions and recommendations at the end of the study.Data CollectionTo address research objective number three, DTOs current ability to interdict drugs across the border, the author will review publicly available information from books, journal articles, and corroborated news media accounts. The book, Drug Smugglers on Drug Smuggling, will be used to substantiate data from the perspective, motivation and experiences of DTO smugglers. This book interviews experienced smugglers who at one time successfully in defeated drug interdiction measures. The purpose of this research objective is to send the nature and extent of DTO exploitation of US Southwest border. Specifically, this question serves to identify DTO resources and methods that are uniquely vulnerable to US military capabilities or where the US military resources can increase civilian law enforcement agencies.Researcher will further use all information that can be sourced from government agencies, libraries, online research institutions, magazines, journals, beg documents, magazines and journals.Data AnalysisThe author will use historical mapping as an instrument to gather information to assess the length of period and extent of the drug trafficking problem within the region. historical mapping will also be used to determine the MSCLEA method(s) of involvement introduced by US Southwest region, including the issuing and impact of these int erdictions. Historical mapping will also be used to outline the laws and policies governing MSCLEA that were legislated as a response to countering illegal drug trade in the region. Additionally, analysis of government documents produced by Congressional Research Service (CRS), the Government Accountability Office (GAO), U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) will be analyzed to determine the MSCLEA ability to adequately curtail drug trafficking across the southwest border.Lastly, the author will identify and compare the relative combat power of DTOs and US law enforcement personnel operating along the Southwest border. Determining the capability gap will face the necessary MSCLEA requirement(s) to effectively reinforce the combat power of law enforcement agencies in order to adequately curtail drug trafficking in the region.As a flux quantitative and qualitative study, researcher will present an integrate d analysis and inferences into coherent conclusions toward a comprehensive and meaningful explication of the subject studied.Validity and ReliabilityThis research is undertaken with serious consideration of the international and professional standard. Inferences and sequential presentation of information are drawn from primary and secondary sources that are critically evaluated based on acceptable standards of sources. Some information used came from government authorities and decision-making bodies who are honored with their credibility as authorities of the state. Readers who may conduct follow-up research may split information and database used here to further validate reports.Ethical ConsiderationsResearcher observes the highest standard of professional ethics required by the institution. Matters of confidentiality are held sacred plot of ground authors, writers, and agencies whose contributions to these subjects are wisely utilized were credited and recognized in the referenc es.The succeeding chapter will substantially discuss the theme of this study.Chapter 4- DISCUSSION resolving power the complex issues on narcotics in the south west border require in-depth reflection on historic interventions made by USA which help increase interdiction on illegal drug-related cartel evaluate the political capacity of DTO to sustain its illegal operations triangulate policies of USA in its decision to assist in decreasing the movements of illegal drug trade and assess the fiscal capacity of the American government to allocate against increasing submit of budget for operations.US Military faculty vs Drug TraffickingIn mid-19th century, United States deployed US Army on its southern border and was mandated to protect the border, interdict bandits, secure lives and properties, conduct regular patrolling and support civil law enforcement against illegal drug cartel business (Matthews, 1959). More than a century have passed, USA is still deploying National Guard Soldie rs to the Mexican border as post-9/11 politico-military undertakings (Matthews, 1959).To reckon, from 1846 towards this millennium, US Army sustained its security mandates at the borders hard and rugged terrain (Matthews, 1959). Reports mentioned that amid disputes, there is also a demand to increase amount of soldiers (Matthews, 1959). This is further compounded with critical Mexican politics and US-Mexican diplomatic relations that is affecting Armys operations (Matthews, 1959). Contextualized in such distinct companionable character, Armys role was fitted to support to local, state, and Federal civilian agencies. Such nature of intervention is already evident since 1920s (Matthews, 1959).During President George W. Bushs administration decided to deploy about 6,000 Army National Guard Soldiers in 2006 to conduct security border patrol as issues relating to potential terrorist infiltration, increase of illegal drug syndicates activity, and leveling-up of apprehension about illega l immigration to United States en route through Mexico (Matthews, 1959). Though this was regarded with disapproval, there is however recognition to improve border security works albeit polemic use of military personnel to support law enforcement (Matthews, 1959). Both America and Mexico divided ambivalent relations since the former tightened its political control in that shared border pair with cross-border violent aggressions done by Indians and bandits which accordingly increased the level of enmity (Matthews, 1959).There was however a historic epoch when America and the Mexican governments explored revival of goodwill when Major General Philip H. Sheridan waged a campaign against the French. That provided an opportunity to resolve issues relating to US Armys disposition at the border from 1870 to 1886, including its inherent impuissance about lack of personnel and passive defenses against cross-border raids. It also discussed the raid in Mexico in 1873 led by Colonel Ranald S . Mackenzies and that pre-emptive strike led by Lieutenant Colonel William Pecos accounting Shafters. There was succeeding reduction of attacks but this generated political conflict which grind down American and Mexican goodwill (Matthews, 1959).In 1911 to 1917, the Mexican Revolution caused insecurity in the border and US soldiers realized that static defenses and patrolling couldnt cease terrorist raiders who maintained interest to cross the border. This was also same period when Major General Frederick Funstons attempt to stop the Plan of San Diego plotters and Brigadier General John J. Pershing launched punitive action against Francisco Pancho Villa. The military strategies enforced hot pursuits and preemptive strikes into Mexico to restore order to the border (Matthews, 1959). US Army have also conducted responses to WETBACK Operation in 1954 until they increased their presence in 1978 in Mexican border as a response to same issue on illegal US immigration and anti-drug car tel. The military supports for law enforcement at southern border have also evolved (Matthews, 1959). The historic problem remained in these twentieth centuries and the issues pertaining to militarys disposition reverberates (Matthews, 1959). It still re-echo the need for defensive position and the discussion on conducting couMilitary Support to Civilian Law Enforcement AgenciesMilitary Support to Civilian Law Enforcement AgenciesCHAPTER IViolence perpetrated by Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) increased dramatically in 2006 and continued to rise dramatically through 2010. According to the National Drug Intelligence Centers National Drug Threat Assessment, 2010, published in February 2010, Mexican DTOs dominate the transportation of illicit drugs across the Southwest Border. They typically use commercial trucks and private and rental vehicles to smuggle cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin (National Drug Threat Assessment, 2010). The increase in DTO activity has resulted in an increase of military involvement in counterdrug operations along the U.S. southwestern border region. The tables in the appendices outline the statistical extent of the problem and the geographic penetration of Mexican DTOs within the United States. Americas densely populated southern border with Mexico stretches nearly 2,000 miles in length and possesses several established crossing points. In areas along northern Mexico, DTOs organize and equip themselves with resources that out match Mexican military forces (McCaffrey 2009). With these developments, it is necessary to consider increased U.S. military support to drug interdiction along the southwest border, as DTOs are a national security threat that directly plays a role in destabilizing the heavily trafficked areas in both the U.S. and Mexico.Problem StatementThe problem is to determine what Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies (MSCLEA) should be brought to bear against Mexican DTOs to interdi ct and reduce the flow of drugs across the Southwest Border.Research ObjectiveThis research aimed at answering and elucidating the following objectivesWhat capabilities does the U.S. military already have in the southwest border region to counter drug trafficking?What is the DTOs current capability to interdict drugs across the border (e.g. weapons, funding, resources)?What are the American laws and regulations governing the use of MSCLEA?Is it financially feasible to increase MSCLEA?AssumptionsThe main premise to this research is based on the assumption that increasing the resources used to interdict the drug trafficking in the southwest border region will have a positive impact in disrupting DTOs operations, decreasing the amount of drugs trafficked and aiding in stabilizing the southwest border region. Some groups advocate other approaches to the problem such as legalization and establishing additional treatment programs for users and abusers of illegal drugs. Moreover, on the su pply side, the assumption is diplomatic pressure on the countries that produce the drugs or assistance to their military and police organizations is necessary to increase the effectiveness. This proposal assumes that enhanced interdiction efforts on the Southwest border will negatively impact Mexican DTOs and reduce use of illegal drugs within the United States.Additionally, the results and recommendations for this research assumed that all military assistance falls within Title 32 Duty and Article I, 8 of the Constitution that allows the National Guard to be used under the command and control of the governor to execute the laws of the Union, in order to suppress rebellion and deter invasions (Withers, 2010 p. 6).Definition of TermsMilitary Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies (MSCLEA) Technical assistance rendered to civilian law enforcement agencies. This can include military resources that are not available to civilians such as aerial surveillance, technical assistance w ith these resources, and tactical advice. It does not include actual law enforcement powers (Sergienko, 2006, p. 395).Interdiction efforts All efforts used to reduce the flow of illegal drugs into the United States on the ground (or underground) across the Southwest border. Success equals increased levels of drug seizures.Southwest border The land border between the U.S. and Mexico also called the U.S.-Mexico border.Limitations and delimitationsThis study is limited to ground interdiction. Drug smuggling is an incredibly profitable enterprise. If ground interdiction efforts are to prove effective, it presumes that DTOs would attempt to move their operations into marine and aerial operations. However, this study will only consider the deployment of marine and aerial assets as they relate to ground operations. This study will limit its focus of the Southwest to the three major DTO interdiction routes located in Texas, New Mexico, and California.The strategies proposed or dismissed in this research may or may not be appropriate to compare with the interdiction efforts on other borders such as the northern border with Canada.This study will be limited to cooperation with civilian law enforcement agencies within the United States. It will not consider support for Mexican civilian law enforcement agencies nor will it consider cooperation with the Mexican military although it will acknowledge that they are now the lead agency in struggle with DTOs within Mexico.All proposals for MSCLEA will be governed by the U.S Constitution, relevant U.S. laws and the USNORTHCOM directives on MSCLEA, Military support to civilian law enforcement is carried out in strict compliance with the Constitution and U.S. laws and under the direction of the president and secretary of defense (USNORTHCOM).CHAPTER II Literature ReviewThis chapter provides an overview of the literature examined. It identifies the dominant literature and sources that will provide arguments addressing DTOs drug sm uggling, MSCLEAs and the current situation along the Southwest border. The academic debate concerning MSCLEA on the border focuses primarily on the issue of illegal immigration and second on drug interdiction. There are only a few books on the topic. Therefore, research will focus on scholarly articles, government studies, and statistical data available through the U.S. Border Patrol and Department of Enforcement Administration.Timothy Dunns 1996 book, The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992 Low Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home is a study that compares data collected through interviews with military doctrine, law enforcement, congressional documents, and personal observations. Dunns intent is to illustrate that increased activity along the southwest border escalated forcing military involvement in immigration and drug enforcement to a level unintended by Congress and defense officials. Dunn provides insight to the difficulty associated with MSCLEA along the sou thwest border. This historical data requires comparison to the post 9/11 challenges.There are numerous government studies and reports related to previous and current U.S. counterdrug program. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) prepared most reports for members of Congress. The National Drug and Control Policy also have a number of useful products. Stephen Vina CRS report in 2006, Border Security and Military Support Legal Authorizations and Restrictions outlines military support legal and policy limitations with in the U.S. His study states military support to DTO is feasible however, it must be restricted to the employment of Nation Guard for border security missions vice the employment of active duty (GAO, 2003).The 2010 report Department of Defense Needs to Improve Its Performance Measurement System to Better Manage and oversee Its Counternarcotics Activities demonstrates congressional interest in measures of effectiveness to j ustify MSCLEA in the early 1990s. The 1993 Heavy Investment in Military Surveillance is Not Paying Off report findings suggest some military assets, such as rotary wing transport and lower-end unmanned aerial vehicles are relatively inexpensive and within the potential budget of federal law enforcement. Other assets such as large multi-role aircraft and naval vessels, are very expensive operate and maintain. The GAO (2009) study concluded that military surveillance is costly particularly when modern technology systems designed to detect and control highly sophisticated weapon systems in combat situations are employed against a DTO smuggling threat.Together, these two reports support content from the recent Washington Office on Latin America report that strongly suggest there must be a separation of military and police roles in America. George Withers would agree there is a lack of measures of effectiveness justifying military support on the border.The GAO study, Secure Border Initia tive Observations on Deployment Challenges discusses the challenges of integrating sensors and obstacles along the 2000-mile Southwest border. Conversely, the 2007 report, U.S. Assistance Has Helped Mexican Counternarcotics Efforts, but Tons of Illicit Drugs Continue to Flow Into the United States clearly demonstrates the difficulties of combating the supply of drugs. This study bring about discussion to identify the gaps in capability could be leveraged with unique available military resources.The Rise of Mexican Drug Cartel and U.S. National Security hearing conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice illustrated the success of interagency cooperation against targeting DTOs. The report provides an overview of the capability of the DTOs operating along the southwest border and describes their ability to conduct drug trafficking, kidnapping, bribery, extortion, money laundering and smuggling of profits, and trafficking and use of dangerous firearms. The report concludes that the bes t strategy to combat the full spectrum of the drug cartels operations is a holistic approach that employs the full spectrum of our law enforcement agencies and its resources, expertise, and statutory authorities.The Mexican border states have become much like a war zone with heavily armed military units on the street (since the President deemed local police too corrupt to deal with the cartels) and frequent firefights between the military and the cartels. According to L.A. Times, as of November 29, 2010, 28,288 people have died in Mexico since January 2007 because of the drug wars. In relative terms, that number is higher than the number of American troops that have died in Iraq in the last seven years (Mexico under Siege The Drug War on Our Doorstep, 2010).Mexico Under Siege The Drug War on Our Doorstep, is an L.A. Times website that includes all of their coverage of drug smuggling along the Southwest border along with interactive maps, links to television coverage and a host of other information. This website is the principle primary source for details of recent events and media coverage of the situation. Additionally, the website Drug Trafficking in Mexico maintained by latinamericanstudies.org traces the history of the drug trafficking between Mexico and the U. S. from 1998-2009. This website provides links to hundreds of other articles on the subject as well.The Congressional Reporting Service publication Terrorism Some Legal Restrictions on Military Assistance to Domestic Authorities Following a Terrorist Attack by Charles Doyle and Jennifer Elsea presents the legal definition of MSCLEAs in the wake of post 9/11 developments (Doyle and Elsea, 2005).Increased MSCLEA issues emerged in the 1980s and 1990s with regard to the interdiction of drugs. However, since 9/11 they have largely revolved around the role of MSCLEA around terrorism related incidents. The official policy of the United States Army on MSCLEA is contained in the Catastrophic Disaster Respo nse Staff Officers Handbook Appendix I Legal Considerations/Law Enforcement published by the United States Army Combined Arms Center in May 2006. This document is supplemented by a paper prepared by Colonel Thomas W. McShane entitled, United States Northern Commands Mission to Provide Military Support to Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies The Challenge to keep Homeland Security and Civil Liberty Dancing in Step with the Current Legal Music (2004).There are varieties of publications that deal with the history of MSCLEA for Counter-drug Operations. Most of the U.S. policy affecting domestic counterdrug MSCLEA require updates and fails to reflect the realities of the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. Two of these stand out as having particular importance for this proposal. The first is The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992 Low-Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home by Timothy J Dunn, publish ed in 1996. The second is a Rand Corporation report entitled Sealing the Borders The Effects of Increased Military Participation in Drug Interdiction written by Peter Reuter, Gordon Crawford, and Jonathan Cave published in 1988. Both of the documents are dated however, they will provide a historical context to compare to current operations. Reuter concludes that military support provided in the war on drugs in the 1980s was costly, ineffective, and distracted military forces from preparing for interstate combat missions.Both documents are roughly twenty years old and this means that their consideration of everything from the technology of interdiction efforts to the scope and influence of DTOs is dated. On the other hand, both documents precede the emergence of the overwhelming threat of terrorist attacks and therefore the focus is on MSCLEAs in a pre-9/11 context with the emphasis on drug interdiction, not anti-terrorism operations.Most importantly, both of these documents present a negative image of interdiction efforts. The U.S. military interdiction efforts, although criticize provides an approach from two different perspectives. The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992 Low-Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home published by the Center for Mexican American Studies at the University of Texas, Austin focuses on the negative effects of the militarization of the border in terms of lost economic opportunities and threats to civil liberties.More condemning, however, is the Rand Corporation document, Sealing the Borders The Effects of Increased Military Participation in Drug Interdiction. It concludes that interdiction efforts in general have little impact on the flow of drugs into the United States. Furthermore, it concludes that an increase in military involvement did not improve the interdiction effectiveness efforts and was unlikely to do so in the future. The Rand study strongly suggests that the military cannot be the primary interdiction age ncy and that a major increase in military support is unlikely to reduce drug consumption significantly in the United States (Reuter, Crawford and Cave, 1988).The findings are not practical for exploring renewed efforts to employ enhanced MSCLEA in the interdiction effort in the twenty-first century. There are numerous reservations about applying this study directly to the current situation. This study will examine interdiction in terms of interdiction (seizure) rates, not reduced consumption, and the price of illicit drugs as examined by the Rand study.In addition, the circumstances of the drug trade across the Southwestern border have changed considerably over the past nine years, as have the military resources available to employ against interdiction effort. The DTOs are now using RPGs and other military type weaponry consequently the military has UAVs and other surveillance equipment that was not available in the 1980s.The Rand study is incredibly important to understanding the h istory of military involvement in drug interdiction on the Southwest border. However, the findings do not constitute the final word on the subject today as it is over twenty years old.It is imperative to examine literature that relates to the policies and procedures for MSCLEAs and the organization of cooperative efforts between the MSCLEAs. Doctrine for this already exists for both the military and civilian organizations. The Joint Task Force North, JTF-North Operational Support Planning Guide 2010 outlines the military perspective on joint military-civilian operations. The police understanding of the relationship is outlined in Civilian and Military Law Enforcement Cooperation published in The Police Chief (Awtry, 2004).The study Preach What You Practice The Separation of Military and Police Roles in the Americas argues that military employment to assist law enforcement agencies falls the Posse Comitatus Act limits however, there is no imminent threat of attack on the United State s. Therefore, they question the need for a heightened militarization of the southwest border (Withers, Santos, Isacsoni, 2010 p 8). This report suggest that instead of supporting a military response, the U.S. government re align its resources to focus on additional aid for police and law enforcement capabilities within Mexico. They recommend this aid be in the form strengthening law enforcement training, equipment, and technology rather than merely training in counter-drug tactics.The JTF North website lists the following capabilities as operational support the U. S. military is prepared to provide federal law enforcement agencies aviation transportation, including both insertion and extraction of personnel aviation reconnaissance air and maritime surveillance radar unmanned aircraft systems ground surveillance radar listening post and observation post surveillance ground sensor operations and ground transportation. The consensus within NORTHCOM appears to be the military is capabl e of supplying resources that enhance law enforcement ability to interdict the threats along the southwest border. Under USNORTHCOM, the military conducts a variety of domestic exercises aimed at using the military and National Guard under the presidents control in a wide range of U.S. homeland emergencies such as terrorist events and even domestic violence. Which is the threat currently demonstrated by DTOs. The exercises do not involve any Mexican entities, NORTHCOM suggest that an exchange of military personnel and cadets with Mexico as a means of gaining Mexican involvement in NORTHCOM, as well as regular talks about cooperation could increase the effectiveness of combating DTO activity along the border.Jose Palafox addresses militarization of the border and the applicability of military counterdrug operations along the U.S.-Mexican border in 1990. He closely examines the 1996 structure of JTF-6 and then concludes that a JTF consisting of only a brigade-size unit could effective ly conduct sustained operations to interdict border drug trafficking along the two-thousand-mile boundary. JTF-6 was renamed JTF North in a ceremony Sept. 28, 2004, and its mission was expanded beyond the drug war to include providing homeland security support to the nations federal law enforcement agencies.The article states the Pentagon is spent approximately $800 million a year to help enforce the drug trafficking laws alone. The missions ranged from ground reconnaissance, training, logistics, and research. In 1995, the Department of Defense transferred military technology equipment to Border Patrol in order to upgrade legacy Vietnam War error equipment. Due to a joint effort by the Justice and Treasury Departments and the Office of National Drug Control Policy, the Border Patrol also has its own high-tech Border Research and Technology Center near San Diego.The article suggests that JTF-6 operations supporting DTO activity was a success and a necessity for future operations betw een military and civilian organizations. Although, Border Patrol received significant upgrades gaps along the porous border remain specifically training and intelligence collection.Major Mark Van Dries 1990 monograph titled Drug Interdiction Can We Stop the New Pancho Villa, addresses the feasibility of military counterdrug operations along the border in the 1990s. The study states that drugs are a legitimate national security threat and the vulnerability of drug cartels to military operations. Drie conclusion supports employment of military forces along the border where legal restraints are not clear and domestic opposition is less likely. He further articulates that effectively securing the southwest border in 1990 would require a cordon force of 65,000 U.S. troops.Both the article and monograph fail to mention the 1997 tragic death of a U.S. citizen at the hands of a military service member that exposed the difficulties and inherent risks in employing combat focused forces in tra ining missions in support of domestic counterdrug MSCLEA. Marine Corps Corporal Manuel Banuelos shot and killed Texas high school student Esequiel Hernandez with a single shot from his service rifle. The incident inspired a backlash against armed military patrols along the border and resulted in cease of the practice. The current approach is indirect support to law enforcement such as intelligence, engineering, and surveillance (Dunn, 2001, p 14-17).In summary, this chapter discusses corroborative information relating to drug cartel along US-Mexico borders and its perpetuation within the region which caused escalation of violence, increasing number of death tool and its serious implication to Mexicos politico-economy as well as its diplomatic relation with nations, specially United States.The succeeding chapters will discuss the methodology.CHAPTER III MethodologyThis chapter tackles the research methodology that will be used to assess the military resource requirements to counter d rug activity along the Southwest border. The author will conduct analysis of secondary information by using (a) timeline analysis to account the historical context about the war on drugs, (b) evaluate the laws and regulations associated with MSCLEA and current MSCLEA support in order to determine the most appropriate MSCLEA to counter drug trafficking along the Southwest border, (c) illustrate key developments in the war on drugs and military involvement in supporting the domestic counterdrug effort and (d) evaluate the significance, extent, resource capacity and feasibility of deploying MSCLEA to assist in the interdiction of DTOs across the Southwest border.Research DesignThis chapter will examine the issue by means of qualitative and quantitative analyses using variety of sources from media accounts, government reports, academic works, and historical documents. To a lesser extent, opinion pieces will be used when the information is valid and appropriate opposing viewpoints are av ailable for inclusion. Analysis of the results will provide statistical validity to the interpretation of results for the military and for the other agencies such as drug threats provided by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC).SampleSampling is irrelevant in this study. Researcher is not using survey method but will be maximizing secondary information from government reports and earlier studies conducted related to the issue on Mexican drug interdiction. Other related relevant sources will also be inclusively considered.SettingThe study will be conducted within American soil although it will also make use of documents from Mexican government which will be accessed, reviewed and evaluated accordingly.InstrumentationThis is a qualitative and quantitative longitudinal case study that will use a combination of timeline mapping, conflict-analysis, and triangulation to understand the complex and unending illegal drug trade within the regi on that has been affecting neighboring and the international communities worldwide due to increasing violence within the area despite security management measures. All historical accounts, records, testimonies and researchers from incessant intervention done by the United States of America will be reviewed, analyzed and be maximized in crafting conclusions and recommendations at the end of the study.Data CollectionTo address research objective number three, DTOs current ability to interdict drugs across the border, the author will review publicly available information from books, journal articles, and corroborated news media accounts. The book, Drug Smugglers on Drug Smuggling, will be used to substantiate data from the perspective, motivation and experiences of DTO smugglers. This book interviews experienced smugglers who at one time successfully in defeated drug interdiction measures. The purpose of this research objective is to identify the nature and extent of DTO exploitation o f US Southwest border. Specifically, this question serves to identify DTO resources and methods that are uniquely vulnerable to US military capabilities or where the US military resources can augment civilian law enforcement agencies.Researcher will further use all information that can be sourced from government agencies, libraries, online research institutions, magazines, journals, court documents, magazines and journals.Data AnalysisThe author will use historical mapping as an instrument to gather information to assess the length of period and extent of the drug trafficking problem within the region. Historical mapping will also be used to determine the MSCLEA method(s) of involvement introduced by US Southwest region, including the outcome and impact of these interdictions. Historical mapping will also be used to outline the laws and policies governing MSCLEA that were legislated as a response to countering illegal drug trade in the region. Additionally, analysis of government do cuments produced by Congressional Research Service (CRS), the Government Accountability Office (GAO), U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) will be analyzed to determine the MSCLEA ability to adequately curtail drug trafficking across the southwest border.Lastly, the author will identify and compare the relative combat power of DTOs and US law enforcement personnel operating along the Southwest border. Determining the capability gap will exhibit the necessary MSCLEA requirement(s) to effectively reinforce the combat power of law enforcement agencies in order to adequately curtail drug trafficking in the region.As a mixed quantitative and qualitative study, researcher will present an integrated analysis and inferences into coherent conclusions toward a comprehensive and meaningful explication of the subject studied.Validity and ReliabilityThis research is undertaken with serious consideration of the internat ional and professional standard. Inferences and sequential presentation of information are drawn from primary and secondary sources that are critically evaluated based on acceptable standards of sources. Some information used came from government authorities and decision-making bodies who are honored with their credibility as authorities of the state. Readers who may conduct follow-up research may triangulate information and database used here to further validate reports.Ethical ConsiderationsResearcher observes the highest standard of professional ethics required by the institution. Matters of confidentiality are held sacred while authors, writers, and agencies whose contributions to these subjects are wisely utilized were credited and recognized in the references.The succeeding chapter will substantially discuss the theme of this study.Chapter 4- DISCUSSIONResolving the complex issues on narcotics in the south west border require in-depth reflection on historic interventions made by USA which help increase interdiction on illegal drug-related cartel evaluate the political capacity of DTO to sustain its illegal operations triangulate policies of USA in its decision to assist in decreasing the movements of illegal drug trade and assess the fiscal capacity of the American government to allocate against increasing demand of budget for operations.US Military Capacity vs Drug TraffickingIn mid-19th century, United States deployed US Army on its southern border and was mandated to protect the border, interdict bandits, secure lives and properties, conduct regular patrolling and support civil law enforcement against illegal drug cartel business (Matthews, 1959). More than a century have passed, USA is still deploying National Guard Soldiers to the Mexican border as post-9/11 politico-military undertakings (Matthews, 1959).To reckon, from 1846 towards this millennium, US Army sustained its security mandates at the borders hard and rugged terrain (Matthews, 1959). Rep orts mentioned that amid disputes, there is also a demand to increase numbers of soldiers (Matthews, 1959). This is further compounded with critical Mexican politics and US-Mexican diplomatic relations that is affecting Armys operations (Matthews, 1959). Contextualized in such distinct social character, Armys role was fitted to support to local, state, and Federal civilian agencies. Such nature of intervention is already evident since 1920s (Matthews, 1959).During President George W. Bushs administration decided to deploy about 6,000 Army National Guard Soldiers in 2006 to conduct security border patrol as issues relating to potential terrorist infiltration, increase of illegal drug syndicates activity, and leveling-up of apprehension about illegal immigration to United States en route through Mexico (Matthews, 1959). Though this was regarded with disapproval, there is however recognition to improve border security works albeit controversial use of military personnel to support law enforcement (Matthews, 1959). Both America and Mexico shared ambivalent relations since the former tightened its political control in that shared border coupled with cross-border violent aggressions done by Indians and bandits which accordingly increased the level of enmity (Matthews, 1959).There was however a historic epoch when America and the Mexican governments explored revitalization of goodwill when Major General Philip H. Sheridan waged a campaign against the French. That provided an opportunity to resolve issues relating to US Armys disposition at the border from 1870 to 1886, including its inherent weakness about lack of personnel and passive defenses against cross-border raids. It also discussed the raid in Mexico in 1873 led by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzies and that pre-emptive strike led by Lieutenant Colonel William Pecos Bill Shafters. There was subsequent reduction of attacks but this generated political conflict which grind down American and Mexican goodwill (Matthews , 1959).In 1911 to 1917, the Mexican Revolution caused insecurity in the border and US soldiers realized that static defenses and patrolling couldnt cease terrorist raiders who maintained interest to cross the border. This was also same period when Major General Frederick Funstons attempted to stop the Plan of San Diego plotters and Brigadier General John J. Pershing launched punitive action against Francisco Pancho Villa. The military strategies enforced hot pursuits and preemptive strikes into Mexico to restore order to the border (Matthews, 1959). US Army have also conducted responses to WETBACK Operation in 1954 until they increased their presence in 1978 in Mexican border as a response to same issue on illegal US immigration and anti-drug cartel. The military supports for law enforcement at southern border have also evolved (Matthews, 1959). The historic problem remained in these 20th centuries and the issues pertaining to militarys disposition reverberates (Matthews, 1959). It still re-echo the need for defensive position and the discussion on conducting cou