Karl Doenitz - Bio of World War II German Naval Commander

Karl Doenitz - Bio of World War II German Naval Commander The son of Emil and Anna Doenitz, Karl Doenitz was born at Berlin on September 16, 1891. Following his education, he enlisted as a sea cadet in the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) April 4, 1910, and was promoted to midshipman a year later. A gifted officer, he completed his exams and was commissioned as an acting second lieutenant on September 23, 1913. Assigned to the light cruiser SMS Breslau, Doenitz saw service in the Mediterranean in the years prior to World War I. The ships assignment was due to Germanys desire to have a presence in the region following the Balkan Wars. World War I With the commencement of hostilities in August 1914, Breslau and the battlecruiser SMS Goeben were ordered to attack Allied shipping. Prevented from doing so by French and British warships, the German vessels, under the command of Rear Admiral Wilhelm Anton Souchon, bombarded the French Algerian ports of Bà ´ne and Philippeville before turning for Messina to re-coal. Departing port, the German ships were chased across the Mediterranean by Allied forces. Entering the Dardanelles on August 10, both ships were transferred to the Ottoman Navy, however their German crews remained aboard. Over the next two years, Doenitz served aboard as the cruiser, now know as  Midilli, operated against the Russians in the Black Sea. Promoted to first lieutenant in March 1916, he was placed in command of an airfield at the Dardanelles. Bored in this assignment, he requested a transfer to the submarine service which was granted that October. U-boats Assigned as a watch officer aboard U-39, Doenitz learned his new trade before receiving command of UC-25 in February 1918. That September, Doenitz returned to the Mediterranean as commander of UB-68. A month into his new command, Doenitzs u-boat suffered mechanical issues and was attacked and sunk by British warships near Malta. Escaping, he was rescued and became a prisoner for the wars final months. Taken to Britain, Doenitz was held in a camp near Sheffield. Repatriated in July 1919, he returned to Germany the following year and sought to resume his naval career. Entering the Weimar Republics navy, he was made a lieutenant on January 21, 1921. Interwar Years Shifting to torpedo boats, Doenitz progressed through the ranks and was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1928. Made a commander five years later, Doenitz was placed in command of the cruiser Emden. A training ship for naval cadets, Emden conducted annual world cruises. Following the re-introduction of u-boats to the German fleet, Doenitz was promoted to captain and given command of the 1st U-boat Flotilla in September 1935 which consisted of U-7, U-8, and U-9. Though initially concerned about the capabilities of early British sonar systems, such as ASDIC, Doenitz became a leading advocate for submarine warfare. New Strategies and Tactics In 1937, Doenitz began to resist the naval thinking of the time which was based on the fleet theories of American theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan. Rather than employ submarines in support of the battle fleet, he advocated for using them in a purely commerce raiding role. As such, Doenitz lobbied to convert the entire German fleet to submarines as he believed that a campaign dedicated to sinking merchant ships could quickly knock Britain out of any future wars. Re-introducing the group hunting, wolf pack tactics of World War I as well as calling for night, surface attacks on convoys, Doenitz believed that advances in radio and cryptography would make these methods more effective than in the past. He relentlessly trained his crews knowing that u-boats would be Germanys principal naval weapon in any future conflict. His views frequently brought him into conflict with other German naval leaders, such as Admiral Erich Raeder, who believed in the expansion of the Kriegsmarines surface fleet. World War II Begins Promoted to commodore and given command of all German u-boats on January 28, 1939, Doenitz began to prepare for war as tensions with Britain and France increased. With the outbreak of World War II that September, Doenitz possessed only 57 u-boats, only 22 of which were modern Type VIIs. Prevented from fully launching his commerce raiding campaign by Raeder and Hitler, who desired attacks against the Royal Navy, Doenitz was forced to comply. While his submarines scored successes in sinking the carrier HMS Courageous and the battleships HMS Royal Oak and HMS Barham, as well as damaging the battleship HMS Nelson, losses were incurred as naval targets were more heavily defended. These further reduced his already small fleet. Battle of the Atlantic Promoted to rear admiral on October 1, his u-boats continued attacks on British naval and merchant targets. Made a vice admiral in September 1940, Doenitzs fleet began to expand with the arrival of larger numbers of Type VIIs. Focusing his efforts against merchant traffic, his u-boats began to damage the British economy. Coordinating u-boats by radio using encoded messages, Doenitzs crews sank increasing amounts of Allied tonnage. With the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, he commenced Operation Drumbeat which targeted Allied shipping off the East Coast. Beginning with only nine u-boats, the operation scored several successes and exposed the US Navys unpreparedness for anti-submarine warfare. Through 1942, as more u-boats joined the fleet, Doenitz was able to fully implement his wolf pack tactics by directing groups of submarines against Allied convoys. Inflicting heavy casualties, the attacks caused a crisis for the Allies. As British and American technology improved in 1943, they began to have more success in combating Doenitzs u-boats. As a result, he continued to press for new submarine technology and more advanced u-boat designs. Grand Admiral Promoted to grand admiral on January 30, 1943, Doenitz replaced Raeder as command-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine. With limited surface units remaining, he relied on them as a fleet in being to distract the Allies while focusing on submarine warfare. During his tenure, German designers produced some of the most advanced submarine designs of the war including the Type XXI. Despite spurts of success, as the war progressed, Doenitzs u-boats were slowly driven from the Atlantic as the Allies utilized sonar and other technology, as well as Ultra radio intercepts, to hunt down and sink them. Leader of Germany With the Soviets nearing Berlin, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. In his will he ordered that Doenitz replace him as the leader of Germany with the title of president. A surprise choice, it is thought that Doenitz was selected as Hitler believed that the only the navy had remained loyal to him. Though Joseph Goebbels was designated to be his chancellor, he committed suicide the next day. On May 1, Doenitz selected Count Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk as chancellor and attempted to form a government. Headquartered at Flensburg, near the Danish border, Doenitzs government worked to ensure the loyalty of the army and encouraged German troops to surrender to the Americans and British rather than the Soviets. Authorizing German forces in northwestern Europe to surrender on May 4, Doenitz instructed Colonel General Alfred Jodl to sign the instrument of unconditional surrender on May 7. Not recognized by the Allies, his government ceased to rule after the surrender and was captured at Flensburg on May 23. Arrested, Doenitz was seen to be a strong supporter of Nazism and Hitler. As a result he was indicted as a major war criminal and was tried at Nuremberg. Final Years There Doenitz was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, largely relating to the use of unrestricted submarine warfare and issuing orders to ignore survivors in the water. Found guilty on charges of planning and waging a war of aggression and crimes against the laws of war, he was spared the death sentence as American Admiral Chester W. Nimitz provided an affidavit in support of unrestricted submarine warfare (which had been used against the Japanese in the Pacific) and due to the British use of a similar policy in the  Skagerrak. As a result, Doenitz was sentenced to ten years in prison. Incarcerated at Spandau Prison, he was released on October 1, 1956. Retiring to Aumà ¼hle in northern West Germany, he focused on writing his memoirs in entitled Ten Years and Twenty Days. He remained in retirement until his death on December 24, 1980.

How to Stay Positive in the Middle of a Job Search

How to Stay Positive in the Middle of a Job Search The job search process may seem lengthy at times, but there are things you can do to increase both the efficiency of the search and your resiliency.   The most successful job hunters  navigate the waters in a purposeful manner,  using positivity as a guide. Let’s take a look at some techniques that can help you achieve your goals.   Target a JobThis is really a two-pronged approach. First,  understand  the type of job that suits your talents. You likely have an idea of what this is from  the courses you’ve taken to the natural interests and abilities you possess. List the type of work at which you excel, and link that to pertinent job duties. Try to  find companies where you might want to work, and then aim  to connect your talents to job duties at these  companies.  Network With OthersNetworking with friends or colleagues who work in the industry or at a company you are targeting is important. Work with your contacts   to learn about  attribut es the company seeks  in an employee- doing so might help you use the right key words  resume or during an interview.  Get Help to Stay on TargetSeeking the help of a friend or job coach can be key in keeping you on track. If a contact  has experienced a similar job search situation or counseled others in their search, he or she can be a weekly touchstone to help  you stay on target.A trusted support person is also a great resource for practicing a mock interview. Brainstorming possible questions- and having the right answers!- can help  you appear at ease when the big day comes.  Strategize Your Job SearchThinking of a job search with the same plan of attack  you have when playing a game of chess will  help you navigate hurdles. Game players know there are no points to be made in  giving up, and having a plan always helps you win. Devising a strategy for your job search is similar. Make checklists for your week and celebrate milestones (such as finally structuri ng a winning  resume)- and always keep moving forward.  Control What You CanWhile there are some aspects of a job search you cannot control, you can control  how you  search for a job and where you eventually apply. For instance, using TheJobNetwork to locate jobs that match your skill set at a particular company is a deliberate choice that sets you on the right path. Applying as soon as a job comes up gives you a running start. TheJobNetwork matches jobs to your criteria and qualifications and alerts you as soon as the job is available.  Set Up a RoutineEstablish a routine you feel comfortable following every day. Check email daily, maybe even at the same time very day, to see if search results have arrived or if you received an invitation for an interview. Automatically follow up with an email after sending in an application to ensure it was received.When you are searching for a job, having a platform like the JobNetwork doing the searching for you helps. Since employers use platforms to announce jobs, it stands to reason you’ll have early access to new listings. TheJobNetwork even ranks the results, so you are able to see how closely the job matches your criteria. Doing your homework and getting ready to embrace a new job has a great deal to do with how you feel and the perceptions others have of you. Being positive and energetic is a great calling card.

Write an essay on theme Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write an on theme - Essay Example ing repulsion for the flavorless, colorless mass of everyday existence† (Cather 453) and the boring classroom with "bare floors and naked walls," (Cather 458) and the teachers in "dull gowns" with "shrill voices"(Cather 458) who felt that he was a little odd. The novel opens with a situation where Paul is suspended from school for reasons which the teachers cannot pinpoint. At the same time he has a somewhat ostentatious appearance with "something of the dandy about him"(Cather 448). The inner feeling of Paul makes him appear to be on drugs with dilated, unusually brilliant and large eyes. However, Paul is not on drugs but he lives in an altered condition of consciousness. The theme of the novel is surreal because the boy is not attracted to his life at home and school, instead he finds happiness in the theatrical environment where he holds the job of an usher and spends time on Sundays. The author has depicted several occasions that reveal Paul’s emotional fulfillment when he is engaged in the theatre setting. Cather says "It was very much as though these were a great reception and Paul were the host" (Cather 451). The author points out the happiness of Paul while working at the theatre by saying that "as though it were his greatest pleasure in life" (Cather 451). Paul’s eagerness to live a flashy lifestyle is depicted in the line which says; this was Paul’s fairy tale, and it had for him all the allurement of a secret love. The moment he inhaled the gassy, painty, dusty odor behind the scenes, he breathed like a prisoner set free, and felt within him the possibility of doing or saying splendid, brilliant things. (Cather 457) Paul visualizes real life at the theatre which is furnished with garish satins, diamonds and rhinestones. Paul views the setting of the theatre and the setting of his home and school to be at different extremes of the pleasant and unpleasant. Paul is depicted as a sensitive artist who loves the stage and the attractive

Science, Health, and Environmental Issues Research Proposal

Science, Health, and Environmental Issues - Research Proposal Example These disposable products become quite hazardous in terms of the toxins they release to the oceans. The toxins are also pumped into the atmosphere which contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer and loss of marine life. The better way to do business is to make use of packages which can be recycled. New government regulations should be developed on how to choose green products and materials which are easily decomposable (Geier 20). The environmental hazards caused by the disposal products are not overstated, they are a reality. The US environmental policy should focus more on the development of renewable energy sources as these resources have the capability of supplying the energy needs of the country and has many benefits like ensuring a clean environment, increased national security and fuel diversity as well as economic and regional benefits. The developed nations pollute less as compared to developing countries. Industrial pollution is a problem which is faced by developing countries than the developed ones since they lack the basic services and facilities to prevent the pollution. The United States does is the only first world nation which does not have a universal health coverage as it believes that Universal Healthcare would lead to a poor performance in its health service and that a Universal Healthcare is a kind of socialism (Geier 30). US also thought that the Universal Healthcare would lead to a socialist control over its

INTRODUCTION Analysis of Caffeine in Beverages by HPLC Essay

INTRODUCTION Analysis of Caffeine in Beverages by HPLC - Essay Example It is also addictive and the prevalence of caffeine in many drinks available today is a growing, serious health concern because it is a stimulant (Bidlingmeyer 385). The amount of caffeine present in soft drinks like Pepsi and Mountain Dew can be determined by the use high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This is a process by which a mixture can be separated into its separate components or ingredients by the use of laboratory technique called as chromatography. In this process, the mixture to be separated is dissolved in a liquid, then it is passed or flushed through a stationary material (called as bed) and separated due to different rates of absorption of different materials. It is used to separate complex compounds with high precision using the right adsorbent materials and carrier fluid. A can (12 oz.) of Pepsi has about 38 mg (milligrams) in it while a Pepsi Max has about 69 mg. A can of Mountain Dew (both regular and diet) has approximately 54 mg of caffeine (Center for Science in the Public Interest para 2). Instant coffee has 65 mg, espresso has about 80 mg while Turkish coffee has one of the highest at about 160 mg. HPLC is sim ply an improved version of column chromatography that used gravity to force separation but in HPLC, the process is made faster by using high pressure at up to 400 atmospheric

Alcohol Poisoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alcohol Poisoning - Essay Example This is the situation where a person takes five or more drinks in succession. This does not give the body time to clean up the system of alcohol. During this time, there is less intake of air which makes the body to react fast to give way for more air intake. This leads to a person breathing fast and shallow. It also affects the heart as it has to pump more blood. In such a scenario, the person’s body functioning is unstable and vulnerable and one may die quite easily. When a person is suffering from alcohol poisoning, the body is unresponsive. The person is extremely confused and does not think right. When a person is disoriented, the body loses balance leading to staggering when in motion. It is common knowledge that when a person is staggering, there are high chances of falling on risky objects. This could cause life threatening situations, for example, falling in ditches or tripling over rails. It could also lead to deep cuts while others escape with injuries that make them vulnerable to tetanus infection. In many instances, a person suffering from alcohol poisoning does not react to basic stimuli, which makes them more vulnerable to further injuries. Apparently, alcohol poisoning can be accidental. For example, an unsuspecting person could take household products or drinks that contain alcohol. Mostly such products or drinks are not labeled. However, this is a less common occurrence. Alcohol poisoning affects both mental and physical functioning. This results in some nerves relaxing leading to reduced activity. This could lead to life threatening situations. In some instances, these effects are long term and could lead to mental impairment. According to recent statistics, it is estimated that 50,000 cases that are related to alcohol poisoning are recorded annually in the United States (Gallavardin and Albert 54). This is a large percentage of the population that leads to unnecessary expenditure by the

Proposal purpose and hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal purpose and hypothesis - Essay Example Their costs are relatively afforded. Besides, the quality of such facilities in health care provision is laudable. This comes from the attention and close interaction that patients have. This is according to assertions fronted by Caruson and MacManus in 2007. Surgeon (2006) also highlights the benefit of the facilities in providing health care reforms. The medication provided by the care centers is incomparable to conventional ways. These are according to O’Carroll (2002). The rationale behind the study is that Patient Center Medical Homes is that it offers a quality and a less costly form of health care. In doing this, the facilities used must conform to the unique requirements of the patients admitted in such centers (Miller & Moore, 1999). Health care is a mundane aspect of human existence. It is through it that humanity seeks to address the health care problems that it faces. Over the years, humanity has sought advanced ways of handling its social as well as health issues. The advent of PCMH provides a suitable way of addressing the needs of individuals. Besides, it has a unique aspect since every patient is accorded special attention. Besides, it is cheap and costly. This is what forms the rationale behind the study. The following study would be a qualitative one. The frequency of medical conditions warranting care in such facilities will be the dependent variable in the study (Chatterjee & Hevner, 2010). The time taken by patients at the facility will be the independent variable. Caruson, K., & MacManus, S.S. (2007). Protecting vulnerable populations: local government   interactions with public & private agencies serving immobile citizens. Paper presented   at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, IL.  Chatterjee, S., & Hevner, A. (2010). Design Research in Information Systems: Theory and Practice. Berlin: Springer US. Spurgeon, K.,